The DOI matches its Crossref record; 302 of the 302 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 10 of the 165 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework
Open accessAbstract
Traditionally, ritual has been studied from broad sociocultural perspectives, with little consideration of the psychological processes at play. Recently, however, psychologists have begun turning their attention to the study of ritual, uncovering the causal mechanisms driving this universal aspect of human behavior. With growing interest in the psychology of ritual, this article provides an organizing framework to understand recent empirical work from social psychology, cognitive science, anthropology, behavioral economics, and neuroscience. Our framework focuses on three primary regulatory functions of rituals: regulation of (a) emotions, (b) performance goal states, and (c) social connection. We examine the possible mechanisms underlying each function by considering the bottom-up processes that emerge from the physical features of rituals and top-down processes that emerge from the psychological meaning of rituals. Our framework, by appreciating the value of psychological theory, generates novel predictions and enriches our understanding of ritual and human behavior more broadly.
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Claims the paper makes
117 Own interpretation · 71 No full text of the sources · 18 Not checked yet · 15 Sources not found · 6 Partly supported · 3 Own method · 2 No basis given · 1 Supported · accuracy not yet measured
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“In one recent study looking at the brain-mediated regions of elevated anxiety, researchers found that attentional distraction techniques dampened the emotional processing of threatening stimuli (Simon, Adler, Kaufmann, & Kathmann, 2014).”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Bottom-Up Processing
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Simon, Adler, Kaufmann, & Kathmann, 2014 source
The Abstract says attentional distraction seemed to dampen emotional processing of disorder-relevant stimuli through amygdala downregulation. The Discussion reports dampened amygdala hyperactivity to OCD-related pictures during distraction, supporting the paraphrase in the study’s OCD context. (LLM, conf=0.90)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“For instance, the repetitive and often strenuous actions that are involved in ritual-such as whirling, chanting, dancing, or prostrating-seem to produce anxiolytic effects by stimulating the endocannabinoid system (Dunbar, Kaskatis, MacDonald, & Barra, 2012;Xygalatas, 2008).”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Bottom-Up Processing
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Dunbar, Kaskatis, MacDonald, & Barra, 2012 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results and Discussion (page numbers unavailable) link vigorous singing and dancing to increased pain threshold and positive affect, with endorphin release inferred rather than directly confirmed. They do not establish anxiety reduction or study whirling or prostrating; crucially, the proposed mechanism is the endorphin/opioid system, not the endocannabinoid system. (LLM, conf=0.89)
- Not matchedcites Xygalatas, 2008
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Studies of communal chanting and dancing, elements found in most collective rituals, can result in increased endorphin production (Dunbar et al., 2012;Tarr, Launay, Cohen, & Dunbar, 2015;Tarr, Launay, & Dunbar, 2017)”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Bottom-Up Processing
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Dunbar et al., 2012 source
The Methods (Experiment 1; page unavailable) describe communal singing, and the Methods (Experiment 3; page unavailable) describe group dancing. The Abstract and Discussion state that active singing and dancing can stimulate endorphin release, inferred from increased pain tolerance; the Discussion notes that direct confirmation of endorphin involvement is still needed. (LLM, conf=0.89)
- Partly supportedcites Tarr, Launay, Cohen, & Dunbar, 2015 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion reports that group dancing elevated pain thresholds and says this suggests activation of the endogenous opioid system. The study did not measure endorphin production directly or investigate chanting; this source supports the dancing component as an inference, not a demonstrated increase in production. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Not matchedcites Tarr, Launay, & Dunbar, 2017
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Two sets of experiments, in particular, demonstrate that enacting a group ritual can reduce a deficit in affiliation.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Proposition 1: Lacking affiliation increases ritualistic behavior.
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Rennung & Göritz, 2015 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion (page not provided) reports that sharing attention to a distressing film clip buffered a reduction in closeness and liking toward other group members. That supports the affiliation-related outcome, but this paper describes one experiment involving shared film viewing, not two sets of experiments in which participants enacted a group ritual. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Hobson et al., 2017 source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although these studies and others do not provide strong evidence for rituals' regulatory functions via cybernetic control processes (i.e., they do not directly address one of our two propositions), we believe they still provide suggestive evidence that rituals might be functional.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Ritual's Regulatory Functions
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“As dissimilar as these features appear to be, we argue that disparate forms of rituals share common psychological processes (for similar views, see Dulaney & Fiske, 1994;Lang, Krátký, Shaver, Jerotijević, & Xygalatas, 2015).”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > The Defining Features of Ritual
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This suggests one reason why so many rituals center on themes of cleanliness and purity: They impose order against threatening forces of chaos and disorder.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Emotion Regulation
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This heightened value or meaning communicates a clear signal to oneself (self-signaling) or other people (social signaling) that something of significance has been done.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Organizing a Framework of Ritual: Bottom-Up and Top-Down Processing
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Here, we propose that the integration of both bottom-up and top-down information processing can explain the varied psychosocial consequences of ritual.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Organizing a Framework of Ritual: Bottom-Up and Top-Down Processing
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The elaborate rituals observed in the real world build on basic neurocognitive, affective, and motivational processes.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Proposition 1: Experiencing an emotional, goal-driven, or social deficit should elicit more ritualistic behavior.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Ritual's Regulatory Functions
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 44
- Probably not a substantial claim. 28
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“In the first, individuals who watched a film clip designed to induce negative mood alone felt less group cohesion than those watching a neutral film clip, but this effect was reversed when the group watched the clips together (Rennung & Göritz, 2015).”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Proposition 1: Lacking affiliation increases ritualistic behavior.
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Rennung & Göritz, 2015 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (Main Analysis; page unavailable) report a mood-by-attention interaction and greater cohesion when participants watched the negative clip together rather than individually. But the comparator was a pooled set of three non-negative clips, not a neutral clip, and the reported results do not establish a reversal relative to that comparator when clips were watched together. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Importantly, endorphin levels correlate with feelings of ingroup bonding (Tarr et al., 2015;Weinstein et al., 2016), and may be instrumental in fostering group cohesion.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Declaration of Conflicting Interests
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Tarr et al., 2015 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Methods (Dependent variables; page unavailable) say the study measured pain threshold as a proxy for endorphin activity, not endorphin levels directly. The Discussion (page unavailable) reports that synchrony and exertion increased both pain threshold and in-group bonding and suggests endorphins may help link the two. It does not establish the claimed correlation between measured endorphin levels and feelings of in-group bonding. (LLM, conf=0.87)
- Partly supportedcites Weinstein et al., 2016 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract reports that bonding measures and pain thresholds, used as a proxy for endorphin release, increased after group singing. The Discussion suggests the endogenous opioid system may contribute to social bonding. But the Results’ reported correlations are between positive affect and bonding, not between endorphin levels and bonding; endorphins were not measured directly. (LLM, conf=0.88)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Recent studies show that the production of endogenous opioids is greatly amplified when ritual is performed in the context of a group (Weinstein, Launay, Pearce, Dunbar, & Stewart, 2016), and especially so when performed in synchrony (Cohen, Ejsmond-Frey, Knight, & Dunbar, 2010;Sullivan & Rickers, 2012).”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Declaration of Conflicting Interests
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Weinstein, Launay, Pearce, Dunbar, & Stewart, 2016 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction reports higher pain thresholds for coordinated activity performed in a group rather than alone. This study measured pain thresholds—not opioid production—before and after group singing, and the Discussion says the pain-threshold change was comparable in small and large groups. It therefore supports a possible group-related endorphin effect, but not the broader claim that group ritual greatly amplifies opioid production. The synchrony clause has separate citations and is not assessed here. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Partly supportedcites Cohen, Ejsmond-Frey, Knight, & Dunbar, 2010 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results report a larger increase in pain threshold after group rowing than after solo rowing (11.04 versus 5.63 mm Hg), and the Discussion interprets this as suggesting heightened opioidergic activity during synchronized activity. The paper measured pain threshold, not opioid production directly, and says the specific contribution of synchrony is unknown. It mentions rituals as a possible parallel but did not test ritual performance. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Not matchedcites Sullivan & Rickers, 2012
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“First, rituals are distinguished by a specific set of physical features pertaining to the characteristic aspects of the individual actions that compose them, which tend to be structured in rigid, formal, and repetitive ways (Foster, Weigand, & Baines, 2006;Rossano, 2012;Tambiah, 1979).”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > The Defining Features of Ritual
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although listed separately for the purpose of our conceptual framework, there is considerable overlap between the three functions.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Ritual's Regulatory Functions
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although many studies demonstrate beneficial consequences of rituals for improving emotional well-being, performance, and affiliation, fewer test the strong version of these propositions, which requires examining the consequences of rituals under conditions of deficit.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Ritual's Regulatory Functions
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Fluctuating psychosocial states are first detected and then compared against an ideal (future) reference state.If a discrepancy is found to exist, the ritual is triggered, closing off the loop and resolving the discrepancy (Rappaport, 1971).”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Ritual's Regulatory Functions
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Rappaport, 1971 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“We suggest that the sensory experience of engaging in sequenced actions that are rigid, formal, and repetitive, as well as the motor control required to enact these actions with care, leads to a regular stream of event segmentation, which makes ritual more attention grabbing and more memorable than nonritualized actions (Boyer & Liénard, 2006;Nielbo & Sørensen, 2011).”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Organizing a Framework of Ritual: Bottom-Up and Top-Down Processing
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Boyer & Liénard, 2006
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Nielbo & Sørensen, 2011 source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This unique quality of ritual means that the behaviors performed are inherently more valuable than other behaviors.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Organizing a Framework of Ritual: Bottom-Up and Top-Down Processing
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ritualistic sequences, by virtue of being perceived as special, are more than the arbitrary physical movements that comprise them.Instead, the actions are interpreted as a practice that is meaningful, providing context and connecting a person to something that is bigger than themselves-their ancestry, familial traditions, cultural and religious groups, nature, immortality, and more.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Organizing a Framework of Ritual: Bottom-Up and Top-Down Processing
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These relative weightings, which are determined by the specific purpose served by the ritual, will alter the psychological experience for the person, and ultimately lead to different outcomes in the ritual experience.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Organizing a Framework of Ritual: Bottom-Up and Top-Down Processing
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Clinical studies provide relatively strong support that rituals regulate negative emotions, because they demonstrate that rituals are more likely to emerge when performers experience an emotional deficit-that is, an emotional state that diverges from one's desired state.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Proposition 1: Emotional Deficit Increases Ritualistic Behavior
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Malinowski noticed that these islanders performed elaborate magical rituals when traveling in unpredictable and dangerous ocean waters but not when fishing in the safe waters of the lagoon, and concluded that they used these rituals in an effort to exercise some control over the otherwise uncertain conditions of open-sea fishing.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Emotion Regulation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Malinowski, 1954
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“which is known to induce pleasurable feelings, reduce distress, and facilitate coping with anxiety (Bali, Randhawa, & Jaggi, 2015).”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Bottom-Up Processing
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Bali, Randhawa, & Jaggi, 2015 source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Interestingly, researchers have noted morphological similarities between OCD rituals and religious rituals (Dulaney & Fiske, 1994;Fiske & Haslam, 1997).”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Proposition 1: Emotional Deficit Increases Ritualistic Behavior
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“For example, other research has shown that distraction techniques can lead to decreased subjective anxiety but elevated physiological arousal (Grayson, Foa, & Steketee, 1982).”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Bottom-Up Processing
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Grayson, Foa, & Steketee, 1982 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A second explanation considers how the inherent symbolic value of ritual helps to transfer meaning to other abstract concepts.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Top-Down Processing
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In line with this thinking, Boyer and Liénard (2006) propose that the physical action units of ritual lead to a swamping of working memory that temporarily reduces anxiety.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Bottom-Up Processing
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Boyer and Liénard, 2006
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“The entropy model of uncertainty makes a similar prediction, positing that anxiety motivates organisms to return to familiar low-entropy states to regain a sense of control (Hirsh, Mar, & Peterson, 2012;Lang et al., 2015, but also see Krátky et al., 2016).”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Bottom-Up Processing
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Boyer and Liénard (2008) theorized that ritualized actions are an evolutionary vestige of a vigilance detection system, helping to provide a sense of stability in the face of uncontrollable threats.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Bottom-Up Processing
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Boyer and Liénard, 2008 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“More specifically, the motoric rigidity of ritual actions satisfies a fundamental need for order, and may help to regulate emotions especially in response to anxious events.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Bottom-Up Processing
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Presumably, labeling the same behaviors as a ritual created a belief that they were meaningful, which played a critical role in reducing anxiety.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Top-Down Processing
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“They found that anxiety measured at the physiological level led to an increase in repetitiveness and rigidity, and self-reported anxiety predicted redundancy of movement, all of which are characteristic of ritual behavior.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Proposition 1: Emotional Deficit Increases Ritualistic Behavior
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Lang et al., 2015 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Rituals energize and stimulate a person's actions, motivating them toward current and future goals by bringing attention to the regulatory context and heightening feelings of personal involvement.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Goal Regulation
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Religious burial rituals, for instance, might provide solace by bringing to mind important concepts of the group's history, while also promising hope in an afterlife.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Top-Down Processing
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Here, the ritual culture is portrayed in rigid drills that involve synchronous marching, chanting, and other regimented behaviors that ensure order and high levels of motivation (e.g., Aronson & Mills, 1959;King, 2013;McNeill, 1995;Mills & Mintz, 1972).”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Proposition 2: Rituals Reduce Goal Discrepancy
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Aronson & Mills, 1959 source
- Not matchedcites King, 2013
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites McNeill, 1995
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Often the embodiment of certain ritual actions happens automatically and outside conscious awareness, suggesting that such bodily movements may be attuned to implicit self-regulation (Kuhl, 2000).”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Goal Regulation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kuhl, 2000 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Third, religious concepts, which are closely linked to ritual practice and prayer, have been shown to improve selfregulation and self-control (e.g., Fishbach, Friedman, & Kruglanski, 2003;Laurin, Kay, & Fitzsimons, 2012;Mazar, Amir, & Ariely, 2008;Rounding, Lee, Jacobson, & Ji, 2012;Shariff & Norenzayan, 2007;Xygalatas, 2013; but see Good, Inzlicht, & Larson, 2015), suggesting that the rituals”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Proposition 2: Rituals Reduce Goal Discrepancy
What the sources say
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This idea aligns with decades of research in social psychology showing that much of human behavior is governed by regulatory processes: People go to great lengths to minimize the discrepancy between ideal future states and current states, which initiates various goal-directed behaviors (e.g., Bandura, 1991;Carver & Cheier, 1982;Carver & Scheier, 1998;Deci & Ryan, 2000;Friston, 2002;Gray, 1982Gray,”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Goal Regulation
What the sources say
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Attention underlies much of our executive function and regulatory processes (e.g., James, 1890/1992; Kaplan & Berman, 2010;Todd, Cunningham, Anderson, & Thompson, 2012), guiding different motivated behaviors.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Bottom-Up Processing
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These specific actions are done to evoke an approach-motivated state, which presumably helps boost performance in the ensuing game by appearing more threatening and competitive to the other team.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Bottom-Up Processing
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: When the New Zealand national rugby team enacts the Haka war ritual before a game, they engage in a variety of approach behaviors.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Three lines of research point toward ritual's ability to enhance goal pursuit, although none of this work clearly demonstrates that rituals can overcome deficits in pursuing goals.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Proposition 2: Rituals Reduce Goal Discrepancy
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Interestingly, observational studies of athletes suggest the reverse correlation: that better performers (who presumably have lower discrepancy from their goal) tend to exhibit more ritualistic or superstitious behavior, not less (Cohn, Rotella, & Lloyd, 1990;Cotterill, Sanders, & Collins, 2010;Foster et al., 2006; although note that these studies have low sample sizes).”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Proposition 1: Goal Discrepancy Increases Ritualistic Behavior
What the sources say
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Top-down processing of social ritual relies on the fact that one has engaged in a behavior known to be ceremonial (and not some other mundane social behavior).”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Proposition 1: Lacking affiliation increases ritualistic behavior.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The sense of shared attention generates perceptions of emotional synchrony in each individual (Páez et al., 2015), which fosters a feeling of oneness and bonding with the other members of the group (Spoor & Kelly, 2004).”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Proposition 1: Lacking affiliation increases ritualistic behavior.
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Páez et al., 2015
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Spoor & Kelly, 2004 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“it is reasonable that completing a ritual transfers meaning and increases the value of the associated goal.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Top-Down Processing
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Each of these papers provide causal evidence that group rituals can alleviate negative mood in groups and group bias, respectively, indicating that rituals serve an affiliative function.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Proposition 1: Lacking affiliation increases ritualistic behavior.
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“But these correlational results cannot show whether engaging in group rituals causally promotes group cohesion and cooperation or whether people with a strong group identity are especially likely to engage in group rituals (see, for example, Swann, Gómez, Seyle, Moralies, & Huici, 2009).”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Social Regulation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Swann, Gómez, Seyle, Moralies, & Huici, 2009 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In other words, because rituals tend to be performed in important situations, performing a ritual may lead people to infer that the situation is important, leading them to place more value on their current goals.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Top-Down Processing
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Durkheim (1915) theorized that collective rituals allow participants to affiliate with group members by creating a sense of collective unity.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Social Regulation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Durkheim, 1915
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Indeed, many scholars have suggested that rituals are ubiquitous because they are central to the functioning of large-scale cooperative groups, forming the basis of contemporary society (Atran & Henrich, 2010;Durkeim, 1915;Irons, 1996;Norenzayan & Shariff, 2008;Rossano, 2012;Watson-Jones & Legare, 2016).”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Social Regulation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Atran & Henrich, 2010 source
- Not matchedcites Durkeim, 1915
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Irons, 1996
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In other words, a person affiliates with fellow group members while performing a group ritual, and learns cultural knowledge while observing it.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Social Regulation
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“First, performing a group ritual enhances affiliation with fellow group members and advertises signals of group loyalty and trust.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Social Regulation
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In addition, people donated more money to their temple after participating in a high-ordeal Hindu ritual compared with a low-ordeal ritual, and the level of pain correlated with the amount of donation (Xygalatas, Mitkidis, et al., 2013).”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Social Regulation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Xygalatas, Mitkidis, et al., 2013 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In such cases, the function of a shared group ritual is to allow an individual to participate fully in the social world by affiliating with fellow group members, reaffirming one's position in the group, and sharing in important social conventions and cultural knowledge.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Social Regulation
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Similarly, children imitate a model more faithfully after being primed with social exclusion (i.e., after having been shown videos in which one shape is excluded from a group of other shapes; Over & Carpenter, 2009) or when the individual who demonstrated them is present at the time of test (Nielsen & Blank, 2011), thus suggesting that their imitation was produced for the model.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Proposition 1: Lacking affiliation increases ritualistic behavior.
What the sources say
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In other words, the link between action (e.g., reciting a holy prayer over beads) and outcome (e.g., absolution of sins) is in principle unknowable.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Proposition 1: Lacking affiliation increases ritualistic behavior.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Consistent with these explanations, religious primes will cause people to become more punitive of others' behaviors if they violate norms (McKay, Efferson, Whitehouse, & Fehr, 2011), a reaction that can be amplified in religious settings that prioritize orthopraxy rather than orthodoxy, in which ritual and prayer are highly valued (Laurin & Plaks, 2014).”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Proposition 1: Lacking affiliation increases ritualistic behavior.
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“An alternative mechanism that exists outside our framework, and which could help explain these group-based effects, is related to the role of endorphins.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Declaration of Conflicting Interests
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This could help explain, for example, how collective rituals in team contexts are particularly well suited to both galvanize group unity and heighten motivated performance on an ensuing task.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Addressing Complexity in Our Framework
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“As another example, emotional states are not merely psychosocial states to be regulated; they also serve as cues signaling when other psychosocial states require regulation.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Addressing Complexity in Our Framework
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Leary, 1999 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Just as shared attention can promote group affiliation (social regulation), so too can shared attention promote effective goal pursuit (goal regulation).”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Addressing Complexity in Our Framework
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Shteynberg & Galinsky, 2011 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This then helps reinforce the ritual and the associated norms.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Proposition 1: Lacking affiliation increases ritualistic behavior.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Within the parameters of our framework, religious rituals are not considered a special class of ritual, and at the level of the individual psychology are in fact no different than other nonreligious types.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Declaration of Conflicting Interests
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A recent study that examined both those mechanisms together (Lang, Bahna, Shaver, Reddish, & Xygalatas, 2017) found that synchrony increased interpersonal bonding and cotrust, and that these effects were mediated both by endorphin release and perceived synchrony.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Declaration of Conflicting Interests
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Lang, Bahna, Shaver, Reddish, & Xygalatas, 2017 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We have examined the evidence underlying two propositions derived from the cybernetic control model suggesting that rituals regulate (a) emotions, (b) performance goal states, and (c) social connections to others because (a) deficits in each of these states tend to increase ritualistic behavior and (b) enacting rituals can reduce these deficits.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Discussion
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Proposition 1: Lacking affiliation increases ritualistic behavior.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Proposition 1: Lacking affiliation increases ritualistic behavior.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This conceptualization implies that rituals must be done properly, which is why completing them feels particularly good compared with other types of behavior that do not have to be done with such specificity.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Addressing Complexity in Our Framework
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nevertheless, a certain amount of bottom-up attention may still be required even for those who have mastered the actions, especially when the ritual involves high levels of interpersonal synchrony.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Declaration of Conflicting Interests
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We note that the bottom-up and top-down processing of ritual are inevitably overlapping, and will typically simultaneously occur.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Declaration of Conflicting Interests
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Confirming this, past work has shown that when a person has knowledge that their goal state is shared with another, particularly with someone who is similar, they tend to experience an intensification of goal pursuit (Shteynberg & Galinsky, 2011).”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Addressing Complexity in Our Framework
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Shteynberg & Galinsky, 2011 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A person who faithfully enacts his or her group's rituals over a lifetime will gain a rich understanding of the cultural conventional norms built into those rituals, inevitably leading to stronger affiliative ties, especially with whom the ritual experience is shared.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Declaration of Conflicting Interests
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, our framework can be applied to all forms of ritual, religious and secular.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Declaration of Conflicting Interests
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This is particularly true in group contexts where coordination or synchronization is crucial for the successful completion of the ritual, such as during religious prayer gatherings.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Declaration of Conflicting Interests
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although experts can easily do the actions themselves, they still need to attend to the movements of others to ensure proper coordination and timing.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Declaration of Conflicting Interests
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
The elaborate rituals observed in the real world build on basic neurocognitive, affective, and motivational processes.
“We take the position that the elaborate rituals observed in the real world, which have been central to shaping human experience, build on basic neurocognitive, affective, and motivational processes.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Rituals are a universal aspect of human behavior.
“Recently, however, psychologists have begun turning their attention to the study of ritual, uncovering the causal mechanisms driving this universal aspect of human behavior.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The three regulatory functions (emotions, performance goal states, and social connection) are the primary functions of rituals.
“Our framework focuses on three primary regulatory functions of rituals: regulation of (a) emotions, (b) performance goal states, and (c) social connection.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Across domains, important events are often preceded or marked by the presence of rituals.
“Across domains, important events are often preceded or marked by the presence of rituals.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Ritual practitioners often explicitly and deliberately bring to mind an ideal goal state and compare their current state with the desired outcome.
“Ritual practitioners will often explicitly and deliberately bring to mind an ideal goal state (e.g., improving performance) and compare their current state with the desired outcome.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Little research has directly tested whether greater discrepancy from one's goal can induce more ritualistic behavior.
“To our knowledge, little research has directly tested whether greater discrepancy from one's goal can induce more ritualistic behavior, although some scholars theorize that goal discrepancy can direct ritualistic behavior explicitly and implicitly (Wood & Neal, 2007).”
The paper relies on this without support.
The military lifestyle is known to espouse excellence in self-discipline and behavioral regulation.
“Likewise, the military lifestyle is known to espouse excellence in self-discipline and behavioral regulation.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Movements in wedding rituals are quick, light, and vivacious, whereas in funerals they are typically slow, heavy, and burdensome.
“Movements in wedding rituals are quick, light, and vivacious, whereas in funerals they are typically slow, heavy, and burdensome.”
The paper relies on this without support.
When the New Zealand national rugby team enacts the Haka war ritual before a game, they engage in a variety of approach behaviors.
“For example, when the New Zealand national rugby team enacts the Haka war ritual before a game, they engage in a variety of approach behaviors (e.g., leaning forward, moving quickly, stomping).”
The paper relies on this without support.
Rituals shared within religious groups, sports teams, work organizations, and families are often experienced as social events.
“Rituals shared within religious groups, sports teams, work organizations, and families, are often experienced as social events.”
The paper relies on this without support.
There has not been much work examining rituals when there is a deficit of social connection.
“Despite all the research that has examined the relationship between rituals and affiliative outcomes, there has not been much work examining rituals when there is a deficit of social connection.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Very little extant psychological research tests the proposition that having a need for social connection or belonging should induce more social ritualistic behavior.
“To our knowledge, very little extant psychological research tests our first proposition deriving from cybernetic control theory-that having a need for social connection or belonging should induce more social ritualistic behavior.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
By studying young children, scholars can assume that there is cultural naïveté (e.g., a deficit).
“By studying young children, scholars can assume that there is cultural naïveté (e.g., a deficit).”
The paper relies on this without support.
The field of psychology has remained quiet on the topic of ritual for decades.
“Although the field of psychology has remained quiet on the topic of ritual for decades, the current framework recognizes the value that psychological research can add to our understanding of this remarkable and universal aspect of human behavior.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Very little research has tested the predictions that derive from cybernetic control theory beyond Propositions 1 and 2.
“To our knowledge, very little research has tested the predictions that derive from cybernetic control theory beyond Propositions 1 and 2.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Other research shows that performing complex behaviours can provide a reward in itself, as completing a sequence of rigid motor actions may satisfy a natural need for order [68].”
From Habit as a therapeutic component in psychological treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder: A randomised controlled feasibility study. (2026) · cites this paper as [68]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Testable predictions.
“a person experiencing a deficit in self-esteem will be more willing to engage in a group's ritual to prevent the possibility of being socially excluded (i.e., our Proposition 2).”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Ritual's Regulatory Functions
“Proposition 1: Experiencing an emotional, goal-driven, or social deficit should elicit more ritualistic behavior.Proposition 2: Enacting rituals should thereby reduce such aforementioned deficits.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Proposition 1: Lacking affiliation increases ritualistic behavior.
“Watson-Jones, Whitehouse, and Legare (2015) found that children who are ostracized”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > References
“263. Watson-Jones, R. E., Whitehouse, H., & Legare, C. H. (2016). In-group ostracism increases high-fidelity imitation in early childhood.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Top-Down Processing
“(Deci & Ryan, 1985;Grolnick, Gurland, Jacob, & Decourcey, 2002;Ryan & Deci, 2000).”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > References
“89. Grolnick, W. S., Gurland, S. T., Jacob, K. F., & Decourcey, W. (2000). The development of self-determination in middle childhood and adolescence.”
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Works this paper cites that were later retracted, from the retraction notices publishers deposit. Major when the notice came out before this paper was published.
A note, not an issue: for example, a cited work that was retracted only after this paper was published, which its authors could not have known.
Cited work 10.1037/pspa0000113 · retracted 2024-02-01 · notice 10.1037/pspa0000374 · this paper published 2017-11-13
A note, not an issue: for example, a cited work that was retracted only after this paper was published, which its authors could not have known.
In the paper
“10.1016/j.obhdp.2016.07.004”
Cited work 10.1016/j.obhdp.2016.07.004 · retracted 2024-10-16 · notice 10.1016/j.obhdp.2024.104377 · this paper published 2017-11-13
Citations
Cites
2 retracted
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–300 of 355
Ritual And Military Socialization
Wojtkowiak, J. (2022) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-64802-802-120251005 · Cited by 1
Physical discomfort predicts parochial altruism during Pope Francis’s funeral
Xygalatas, D., Hernu, M., & White, C. (2025) · Current Research in Ecological and Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cresp.2025.100251 · Cited by 2
Self-citationPsychological Approaches to Good Luck: The Role of Rituals in Uncertainty
Wang, X., & Yin, K. (2025) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/01461672251398619 · Cited by 1
Thwarting the ‘Evil Eye’: psḥʾ Through the Prism of Achaemenid Aramaic Sources
Barnea, G. (2025) · Religions · doi:10.3390/rel17010001 · Cited by 1
“Social psychologists studying the emotional context of ritual note that “[r]itualized behaviors seem particularly likely to emerge under circumstances characterized by negative emo‑ tions such as high anxiety, uncertainty, and stress” (Hobson et al. 2018, p. 264).”
Sun, X., Ni, S., & Wu, M. (2026) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2026.108867 · Cited by 1
Bingley, W., Haslam, S. A., & Wiles, J. (2026) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/10888683261421666 · Cited by 3
Ling, L., Zheng, X., Cao, G., & Lc, R. (2026) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3816988 · Cited by 4
“Ritual synchrony fosters a sense of belonging and “collective effervescence”, which is particularly salient in collectivist cultures [37, 69].”
Lu, J., Lai, I. K. W., & Liu, M. T. (2026) · Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research · doi:10.1080/10941665.2026.2662273 · Cited by 3
Turner, L. (2021) · Zygon® · doi:10.1111/zygo.12724 · Cited by 1
“Endorphins feature only as a footnote in an otherwise impressively comprehensive recent multiauthored review of the psychology of ritual (Hobson et al. 2017).”
BackgroundBahna, V. (2022) · Slovenský národopis · doi:10.31577/sn.2022.2.21 · Cited by 2
“This article focuses on features of this religious tradition that relate to contemporary evolutionary theories of social functions of rituals (Hobson et al., 2018; Watson-Jones, Legare, 2016; Whitehouse, 2021; Xygalatas, 2022) or religion as a system of beliefs and behaviours (Norenzayan et al.,…”
BackgroundKrok, D., Szczęśniak, M., Falewicz, A., et al. (2022) · Religions · doi:10.3390/rel13121203 · Cited by 1
Retrospective Analysis Within a Counterpoint Framework
Abramiuk, M. A. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780192895950.013.39 · Cited by 1
The landscapes of lives II: How social actors navigate dynamic action landscapes
Worthman, C. M., Cummings, C. A., & Lende, D. H. (2023) · Ethos · doi:10.1111/etho.12399 · Cited by 1
Escolà‐Gascón, Á., Ovalle, M. F., & Matthews, L. J. (2023) · Journal of Scientific Exploration · doi:10.31275/20233235 · Cited by 3
Uncovering the Motor Dynamics of Obsessive-Compulsive Rituals Through Cluster Analysis
Gambolò, L., Ottoni, R., Donna, A. D., et al. (2024) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000001804 · Cited by 1
“Furthermore, it has been suggested that focusing cognition on rigid ritual rules may divert attention from negative emotions like anxiety or uncertainty (Hobson et al., 2018).”
Alcindor, M., Müllauer-Seichter, W., Hurtado, S. D. G., Medeiros, L., Loda, M., & Jackson, D. (2025) · Land · doi:10.3390/land14020388 · Cited by 1
Obohwemu, K. O. (2025) · Mental Health & Prevention · doi:10.1016/j.mhp.2025.200425 · Cited by 1
The Beliefs and Practices Embedded in the Pasanghid Ritual of the Talaandig Tribe
Camino-Singcolan, J. (2025) · Journal of arts, humanities and social science. · doi:10.69739/jahss.v2i2.490 · Cited by 1
Disappointing Prospects for Distance Education
Razumowsky, A. (2021) · Standards and Monitoring in Education · doi:10.12737/1998-1740-2021-9-1-42-48 · Cited by 1
Group Mentoring and Identity Formation for Young Men of Color: A Case Study.
Pribnow, K. (2020) · Afterschool Matters · Cited by 1
Rituale: Kultur und Psychologie, Pro und Kontra
Spitzer, M. (2022) · Nervenheilkunde · doi:10.1055/a-1755-7982 · Cited by 1
“[9] Hobson NM, Schroeder J, Risen JL, et al.”
BackgroundMethodological Diversity in Positive Psychology and the Psychology of Religion and Spirituality
Tsang, J.-A. C., Al‐Kire, R. L., Davis, E. B., Alwood, H. D., & Rowatt, W. C. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-10274-5_8 · Cited by 1
Apud, I. (2023) · Studies in Psychology Estudios de Psicología · doi:10.1080/02109395.2022.2163776 · Cited by 1
Rituals, rigidity and cognitive load: A competitive test of ritual benefits for stress
Karl, J. A. (2018) · doi:10.26686/wgtn.17068019 · Cited by 1
“Repetitive movement behavior might satisfy a fundamental need for order and structure, protecting against negative uncertainty and reestablishing perceived control and predictability of a situation (Hobson et al., 2017).”
BackgroundMapping the Minds of Spectators During Extreme Ritual: A Psychological Network PerspectivePreprint
Fischer, R. D., Sinwongsuwat, K., Tepsing, P., & Karl, J. A. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-787972/v1 · Cited by 1
“Current theory predicts that rituals regulate a) social connections, b) emotions and c) serve important goals of active participants in ritual, explaining the survival of rituals despite the time and effort costs involved (Hobson et al., 2018; Legare & Nielsen, 2020).”
BackgroundInfluentialPrimary States of Consciousness: A Review of Historical and Contemporary DevelopmentsPreprint
Schoeller, F. (2023) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/r8pmk · Cited by 1
The Company You Keep: Implications of Co-Brand Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion PositionsPreprint
Riley, B. K., & Grewal, R. (2023) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4507137 · Cited by 1
What Motivates Support for Freedom of Religious Belief? A Multi-Country StudyPreprint
Kavanagh, C. M., Klein, J. W., Atreya, G., Hussain, S., Mpyangu, C. M., & Whitehouse, H. (2023) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/x8knb · Cited by 1
How Is God “Like a Drug”? Exploring the Evolution of Social Affects and Oxytocin
Stockly, K. J. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780199827718.005.0002 · Cited by 1
Tasevoli, I., & Fulmer, A. G. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-38971-9_531-1 · Cited by 1
"Our Secret Language": Co-Creating and Ritualizing Affective Haptics in Long-Distance Relationships
Yang, M., Moesgen, T., Hu, R., Zhou, Y. H., Li, Z., Hua, M., & Salovaara, A. (2026) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3772318.3790278 · Cited by 1
“At the same time, relationship research highlights the role of couple rituals : small, repeated, jointly authored practices that carry meaning and identity and that buffer stress as distinct from mere habits [8, 34].”
Georges Dumézil and the Translators of the Avesta1)
Frye, R. N. (1960) · Numen · doi:10.1163/156852760x00082
Interaction Rituals and Embodied Choice Theory
Wellman, J. K., Corcoran, K. E., & Stockly, K. J. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780199827718.003.0003
Megachurch: An American Original (Almost)
Wellman, J. K., Corcoran, K. E., & Stockly, K. J. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780199827718.003.0005 · Cited by 1
Dissecting Megachurch Scandals
Wellman, J. K., Corcoran, K. E., & Stockly, K. J. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780199827718.003.0014
Conclusion: Havens of Health or Habitats for the Prosperity Gospel?
Wellman, J. K., Corcoran, K. E., & Stockly, K. J. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780199827718.003.0015
Desire for Wow, or Hacking the Happy
Wellman, J. K., Corcoran, K. E., & Stockly, K. J. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780199827718.003.0009 · Cited by 1
Wellman, J. K., Corcoran, K. E., & Stockly, K. J. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780199827718.003.0010
Megachurch: The Drug That Works
Wellman, J. K., Corcoran, K. E., & Stockly, K. J. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780199827718.003.0001
Wellman, J. K., Corcoran, K. E., & Stockly, K. J. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780199827718.003.0011
The Micro-sociology of Interaction Rituals within Megachurches
Wellman, J. K., Corcoran, K. E., & Stockly, K. J. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780199827718.003.0007
Wellman, J. K., Corcoran, K. E., & Stockly, K. J. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780199827718.003.0013
Defining Religion: Sacred Moral Communities
Wellman, J. K., Corcoran, K. E., & Stockly, K. J. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780199827718.003.0004
Desire for Acceptance and Belonging
Wellman, J. K., Corcoran, K. E., & Stockly, K. J. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780199827718.003.0008
Congregations in a Time of Change
Wellman, J. K., Corcoran, K. E., & Stockly, K. J. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780199827718.003.0006
The Problem of Cooperation and Homo Duplex
Wellman, J. K., Corcoran, K. E., & Stockly, K. J. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780199827718.003.0002
Wellman, J. K., Corcoran, K. E., & Stockly, K. J. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780199827718.003.0012
Lewis, M. (2020) · Otago University Research Archive (University of Otago)
Niczyporuk, A. (2020) · Studies in Logic Grammar and Rhetoric · doi:10.2478/slgr-2020-0019
Essays on culture and innovations
Nilanga, J. D. (2021) · doi:10.32657/10356/150750
The “Constitutive Relevance of Models” (CRoM) Test
Hornbeck, R. G., & Barrett, J. L. (2021) · Method & Theory in the Study of Religion · doi:10.1163/15700682-12341531
Pretensive Shared RealityPreprint
Kapitány, R., & Goldstein, T. R. (2021) · OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/2djsc
Serpent Handling: Toward a Cognitive Account-honoring the scholarship of Ralph WPreprint
Coleman, T. J., III, Silver, C., & Jong, J. (2021) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/x23eq
Lived Faith and Cognitive Intuitions
Edman, L. R. O., & Penner, M. A. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190693350.013.20
Caspary, S. C., & Herrmann‐Pillath, C. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4059253
Blocking mu-opioid receptors inhibits social bonding in ritualsPreprint
Charles, S. J., Farias, M., van Mulukom, V., et al. (2020) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/sdrp4
Angstverhältnisse – Angstfunktionen
Schmitz, A. (2019) · transcript Verlag eBooks · doi:10.1515/9783839446140-005
“Hobson et al. (2017) verweisen auf die angstbewältigenden Effekte gemeinschaftsstiftender Rituale, die bereits milieuspezifisch vorstrukturiert sein können.”
(Non)automaticity of ritualized behavior
Niczyporuk, A. (2022) · Religion Brain & Behavior · doi:10.1080/2153599x.2022.2084444
Situationally Triggered Consumption: The Effect of Sports Viewing on Snacking IncidencePreprint
Tsai, Y.-L., Daniel Mochon, B., Ratchford, M., & Girju, M. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4171310
Extreme RitualsPreprint
Xygalatas, D. (2023) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/a5nz6
Self-citationPositive Influences on Health: Coping and Control
McDowell, I. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-28986-6_10
Pandapatan, A. M., & Ampuan, J. S. (2023) · SIMULACRA JURNAL SOSIOLOGI · doi:10.21107/sml.v6i1.19886
“Rituals are considered to be the center of meaningful traditions and cultural practices that translate all actions and gestures into symbolic expressions (Hobson et al., 2017; Gennep, 1909).”
InfluentialSymbolic value, consumption ritualization and consumer loyalty towards digital platforms
Zhuoqun, L., Tat, H. H., & Chan, S.-K. (2023) · AIP conference proceedings · doi:10.1063/5.0164456
Wang, X. (2023) · Management for professionals · doi:10.1007/978-981-99-6183-2_2
Of Game Keepers, Opportunism, and Conservation
HAMES, R. B. (2023) · Conflict, Environment, and Social Complexity · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-37503-3_17 · Cited by 1
Kavanagh, C. M. (2023) · Religion Brain & Behavior · doi:10.1080/2153599x.2023.2262549
“Fortunately, this dovetails with an ongoing renewed interest in rituals, including their psychological impact and the broader social roles the play within and between groups (Hobson et al., 2017; Whitehouse, 2022; Xygalatas, 2022).”
Ritual Worlding. Exploring the Self-and-world-making Efficacy of Rituals
Mathijssen, B. (2023) · Yearbook for Ritual and Liturgical Studies · doi:10.21827/yrls.39.20-44
The Role of Barrier Crossing Leadership in the Promotion of Religious FreedomPreprint
Kavanagh, C. M., Atreya, G., Klein, J. W., Mpyangu, C. M., Hussain, S., Njie, H., Mabulla, A. Z. P., & Whitehouse, H. (2023) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/csf6r
The Yin-Yang of Spirituality: An Introduction to the Special Issue
Childs, C., & Howard, C. (2023) · Journal of Scientific Exploration · doi:10.31275/20233231
Mišić, B. (2024) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009355513.002
Graham, A., & Mišić, B. (2024) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009355513.001
Táplálkozás vagy étkezés? Az evés rítusai a menzán, különös tekintettel az asztali áldásokra
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THE MEANING OF SUSTAINABILITY OF CULTURAL IMMATERIAL CONSUMPTION
Vuković, D., Milic, L., & Grmuša, T. (2023) · SWS International Scientific Conference on Social Sciences · doi:10.35603/sws.iscss.2023/sv08.40
Everyday divine: Fashion, ritual and identity transformation
Hughes, M. K. (2023) · Scene · doi:10.1386/scene_00059_1
Evolution of the Parietal Lobe in the Formation of an Enhanced “Sense of Self”
Cohen, D., & Johnstone, B. (2024) · Journal of Cognition and Culture · doi:10.1163/15685373-12340180
When parents die: Bereavement, decision-making and achieving adult personhood in rural Togo
Häberlein, T. (2024) · cultura & psyché · doi:10.1007/s43638-024-00092-8
“In this way, ritual enables spheres of interaction in the group process, cognitive regulation and coping (Hobson et al. 2018).”
Enacting Rituals to Improve Self-ControlPreprint
Tian, A. D., Schroeder, J., Häubl, G., et al. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4804271
Self-citationData, Methodology, and Descriptive Statistics
Wellman, J. K., Corcoran, K. E., & Stockly, K. J. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780199827718.005.0001
Wellman, J. K., Corcoran, K. E., & Stockly, K. J. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780199827718.002.0003
Wellman, J. K., Corcoran, K. E., & Stockly, K. J. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780199827718.002.0004
Wellman, J. K., Corcoran, K. E., & Stockly, K. J. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780199827718.005.0003
Wellman, J. K., Corcoran, K. E., & Stockly, K. J. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780199827718.002.0006
Wellman, J. K., Corcoran, K. E., & Stockly, K. J. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780199827718.002.0008
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“For example, many types of ASC incorporate the autonomic system and control network (use of “behavioral synchrony”, “atten-tional distraction”, “automatic imitation of scripted sequences”, evocation of the limbic system) (Hobson et al. 2018) producing a sensory and affective overload.”
BackgroundBiswas, M., & Braß, M. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.11.21.622221 · Cited by 1
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“Frequency: Rituals morph into units of segmented behavior, which become sequenced, patterned, and repeated in invariable ways (Foster et al., 2006; Hobson et al., 2017).”
Evolution: Supernatural and Group Ritual Activity
Lopez, S. A. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-38971-9_1478-1
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“1,7,8 Interestingly, ritualis-tic behaviour often increases in anxiogenic situations, suggesting that it may also play an important role in emotion regulation, particularly stress reduction.”
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“…and rituals (Heyes, 2021; Nielsen et al., 2020), that promote group coordination and cooperation (Henrich, 2009; Legare & Nielsen, 2020; Whitehouse, 2021) by signaling group membership (Liberman et al., 2018), in-group preferences (Wen et al., 2016), and fostering group trust (Hobson et al., 2018).”
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“These features are present for many of the practices that have been labeled as cargo cult, such as publication decisions based on p-values or default use of a method regardless of clear violations of assumptions.”
Social Behavior: Rituals and Social Bonding
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“This reinforces their psychological need for inclusion and affirmation, strengthening cultural beliefs as individuals continue to participate in societal norms 50 .”
Cieśla, M. M., Cieśla, P., Żok, A., Woźniak, N., Wojtyła-Buciora, P., & Mojs, E. H. (2023) · Biuletyn Głównej Biblioteki Lekarskiej · doi:10.2478/bgbl-2023-0033
Metadata
- Authors
- Hobson, N. M., Schroeder, J., Risen, J. L., Xygalatas, D., & Inzlicht, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Toronto (CA)
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- University of Chicago (US)
- University of Connecticut (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hobson, Nicholas M.
- Venue
- Personality and Social Psychology Review
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2017-11-13
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 260-284
- ISSN
- 1088-8683 (ISSN-L)
- 1532-7957
- OpenAlex
- W2614302206
- Cited by
- 354
- References
- 302
- Citations by year
- 2026: 49 · 2025: 66 · 2024: 35 · 2023: 42 · 2022: 35 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 48 · 2019: 34 · 2018: 9
- FWCI
- 4.30
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- escholarship.org
- Locations
- Personality and Social Psychology Review (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) (submittedVersion)
- OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints) (submittedVersion, public-domain)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Religion, Spirituality, and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Visual Arts and Performing Arts › Arts and Performance Studies
- Keywords
- ritual, emotion regulation, social connectedness, integrative framework
- MeSH terms
- Self-Control, Ceremonial Behavior, Cognition, Culture, Emotions, Goals, Humans, Psychological Theory, Social Behavior
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