The DOI matches its Crossref record; 302 of the 302 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 10 of the 165 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework
Open accessAbstract
Traditionally, ritual has been studied from broad sociocultural perspectives, with little consideration of the psychological processes at play. Recently, however, psychologists have begun turning their attention to the study of ritual, uncovering the causal mechanisms driving this universal aspect of human behavior. With growing interest in the psychology of ritual, this article provides an organizing framework to understand recent empirical work from social psychology, cognitive science, anthropology, behavioral economics, and neuroscience. Our framework focuses on three primary regulatory functions of rituals: regulation of (a) emotions, (b) performance goal states, and (c) social connection. We examine the possible mechanisms underlying each function by considering the bottom-up processes that emerge from the physical features of rituals and top-down processes that emerge from the psychological meaning of rituals. Our framework, by appreciating the value of psychological theory, generates novel predictions and enriches our understanding of ritual and human behavior more broadly.
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Claims the paper makes
117 Own interpretation · 71 No full text of the sources · 18 Not checked yet · 15 Sources not found · 6 Partly supported · 3 Own method · 2 No basis given · 1 Supported · accuracy not yet measured
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“In one recent study looking at the brain-mediated regions of elevated anxiety, researchers found that attentional distraction techniques dampened the emotional processing of threatening stimuli (Simon, Adler, Kaufmann, & Kathmann, 2014).”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Bottom-Up Processing
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Simon, Adler, Kaufmann, & Kathmann, 2014 source
The Abstract says attentional distraction seemed to dampen emotional processing of disorder-relevant stimuli through amygdala downregulation. The Discussion reports dampened amygdala hyperactivity to OCD-related pictures during distraction, supporting the paraphrase in the study’s OCD context. (LLM, conf=0.90)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“For instance, the repetitive and often strenuous actions that are involved in ritual-such as whirling, chanting, dancing, or prostrating-seem to produce anxiolytic effects by stimulating the endocannabinoid system (Dunbar, Kaskatis, MacDonald, & Barra, 2012;Xygalatas, 2008).”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Bottom-Up Processing
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Dunbar, Kaskatis, MacDonald, & Barra, 2012 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results and Discussion (page numbers unavailable) link vigorous singing and dancing to increased pain threshold and positive affect, with endorphin release inferred rather than directly confirmed. They do not establish anxiety reduction or study whirling or prostrating; crucially, the proposed mechanism is the endorphin/opioid system, not the endocannabinoid system. (LLM, conf=0.89)
- Not matchedcites Xygalatas, 2008
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Studies of communal chanting and dancing, elements found in most collective rituals, can result in increased endorphin production (Dunbar et al., 2012;Tarr, Launay, Cohen, & Dunbar, 2015;Tarr, Launay, & Dunbar, 2017)”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Bottom-Up Processing
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Dunbar et al., 2012 source
The Methods (Experiment 1; page unavailable) describe communal singing, and the Methods (Experiment 3; page unavailable) describe group dancing. The Abstract and Discussion state that active singing and dancing can stimulate endorphin release, inferred from increased pain tolerance; the Discussion notes that direct confirmation of endorphin involvement is still needed. (LLM, conf=0.89)
- Partly supportedcites Tarr, Launay, Cohen, & Dunbar, 2015 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion reports that group dancing elevated pain thresholds and says this suggests activation of the endogenous opioid system. The study did not measure endorphin production directly or investigate chanting; this source supports the dancing component as an inference, not a demonstrated increase in production. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Not matchedcites Tarr, Launay, & Dunbar, 2017
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Two sets of experiments, in particular, demonstrate that enacting a group ritual can reduce a deficit in affiliation.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Proposition 1: Lacking affiliation increases ritualistic behavior.
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Rennung & Göritz, 2015 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion (page not provided) reports that sharing attention to a distressing film clip buffered a reduction in closeness and liking toward other group members. That supports the affiliation-related outcome, but this paper describes one experiment involving shared film viewing, not two sets of experiments in which participants enacted a group ritual. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Hobson et al., 2017 source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although these studies and others do not provide strong evidence for rituals' regulatory functions via cybernetic control processes (i.e., they do not directly address one of our two propositions), we believe they still provide suggestive evidence that rituals might be functional.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Ritual's Regulatory Functions
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“As dissimilar as these features appear to be, we argue that disparate forms of rituals share common psychological processes (for similar views, see Dulaney & Fiske, 1994;Lang, Krátký, Shaver, Jerotijević, & Xygalatas, 2015).”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > The Defining Features of Ritual
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This suggests one reason why so many rituals center on themes of cleanliness and purity: They impose order against threatening forces of chaos and disorder.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Emotion Regulation
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This heightened value or meaning communicates a clear signal to oneself (self-signaling) or other people (social signaling) that something of significance has been done.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Organizing a Framework of Ritual: Bottom-Up and Top-Down Processing
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Here, we propose that the integration of both bottom-up and top-down information processing can explain the varied psychosocial consequences of ritual.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Organizing a Framework of Ritual: Bottom-Up and Top-Down Processing
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The elaborate rituals observed in the real world build on basic neurocognitive, affective, and motivational processes.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Proposition 1: Experiencing an emotional, goal-driven, or social deficit should elicit more ritualistic behavior.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Ritual's Regulatory Functions
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As a result, there is much less known about the psychological and neural bases of ritual, which operate at the level of the individual, compared with what is known about its social and cultural functions, which operate at a societal or group level.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“For example, performing interpersonal rituals can improve closeness in groups even when the group members do not reveal any explicit need for connection or belonging (Páez, Basabe, Ubillos, & González-Castro, 2007;Ruffle & Sosis, 2007;Sosis & Ruffle, 2003;Wen, Herrmann, & Legare, 2016).”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Ritual's Regulatory Functions
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We intend to show that all forms of ritual, no matter how different they may appear on the surface, are a result of some combination of these bottom-up and top-down psychological processes.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Organizing a Framework of Ritual: Bottom-Up and Top-Down Processing
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The elaborate rituals observed in the real world build on basic neurocognitive, affective, and motivational processes.
- Rests on an assumption: Rituals are a universal aspect of human behavior.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Multiple bodies of literature suggest that rituals can act as a buffer against the deleterious effects of strong negative emotions.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Emotion Regulation
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Leveraging this past work, we propose that rituals' diverse functions can be categorized into three regulatory categories.Rituals can regulate (a) emotions, (b) performance goal states, and (c) social connection to others.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Ritual's Regulatory Functions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The three regulatory functions (emotions, performance goal states, and social connection) are the primary functions of rituals.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Unlike other behaviors, rituals are typically chunked into units of segmented action, which then become sequenced, patterned, and repeated in fixed or bounded ways (Boyer & Liénard, 2006;Nielbo & Sørensen, 2011, 2015).”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > The Defining Features of Ritual
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Boyer & Liénard, 2006 source
- Not matchedcites Nielbo & Sørensen, 2011, 2015
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Despite rituals' lack of clear instrumental purpose, it is now well known that rituals serve many psychological functions (e.g., Boyer & Liénard, 2006;Watson-Jones & Legare, 2016).”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Ritual's Regulatory Functions
What the sources say
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Traditionally, ritual has been studied from broad sociocultural perspectives, with little consideration of the psychological processes at play.”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
“Ritual has been a popular topic in the social sciences, particularly among cultural anthropologists and sociologists (e.g., Durkheim, 1915;Geertz, 1973;Levi-Strauss, 1955).”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Durkheim, 1915
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Geertz, 1973
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Levi-Strauss, 1955 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This enhanced integration distinguishes cultural rituals from, say, the ritualized behaviors typical of pathology.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Organizing a Framework of Ritual: Bottom-Up and Top-Down Processing
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, rather than seeing the various expressions of ritual as distinct cultural phenomena merely called by the same name, our framework will allow researchers to think about a common underlying psychological basis that unites all types of ritual.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Organizing a Framework of Ritual: Bottom-Up and Top-Down Processing
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Rituals are a universal aspect of human behavior.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our position is that each ritual will involve varying degrees of bottom-up and top-down processing, rather than a fixed amount in every context.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Organizing a Framework of Ritual: Bottom-Up and Top-Down Processing
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The elaborate rituals observed in the real world build on basic neurocognitive, affective, and motivational processes.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Ritualized behaviors seem particularly likely to emerge under circumstances characterized by negative emotions such as high anxiety, uncertainty, and stress (Celsi, Rose, & Leigh, 1993;Keinan, 1994;Lang, Krátký, Shaver, Jerotijević, & Xygalatas, 2015;Padgett & Jorgenson, 1982).”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Emotion Regulation
What the sources say
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“People with clinical disorders associated with anxiety, stress, or trauma often develop their own rituals, presumably as a coping mechanism to regain a sense of personal control (e.g., Rachman & Hodgson, 1980).”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Proposition 1: Emotional Deficit Increases Ritualistic Behavior
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Rachman & Hodgson, 1980
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), in particular, seems to be characterized by frequently engaging in ritual behaviors to ward off anxious and intrusive thoughts (e.g., Mataix-Cols, Rosario-Campos, & Leckman, 2005;Reuven-Magril, Dar, & Liberman, 2008).”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Proposition 1: Emotional Deficit Increases Ritualistic Behavior
What the sources say
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“The separation of ritual from other ordinary, more mundane behaviors affords it a special status (Bell, 1997;Berggren & Stutz, 2010).”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Organizing a Framework of Ritual: Bottom-Up and Top-Down Processing
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Proposition 2: Enacting rituals should thereby reduce such aforementioned deficits.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Ritual's Regulatory Functions
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“In contrast to habits or routines, which may change each time they are performed, rituals tend to be invariable in their performance (Rappaport, 1999;Smith & Stewart, 2011).”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > The Defining Features of Ritual
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A meaning appraisal such as this might help regulate emotions by alleviating incidental negative affect and heightening positive, self-transcendent emotions, such as awe, contentment, and gratitude.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Top-Down Processing
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
In the paper
“This attentional demand minimizes anxiety by blocking intrusive thoughts (Van Dillen & Koole, 2007).”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Bottom-Up Processing
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Van Dillen & Koole, 2007 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One mechanism by which performing rituals may regulate emotion is that the act of performance may direct attention away from one's emotions.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Bottom-Up Processing
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Similarly, Norton and Gino (2014) found that engaging in ritual-labeled behaviors (compared with matched behaviors referred to as random actions) led participants to feel a greater sense of personal control after incurring a major loss.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Top-Down Processing
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Norton and Gino, 2014 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“They found that among those women who lived in war zones, under threating and uncontrollable conditions, more frequent psalm recitation was associated with lower anxiety levels, whereas that association was not found outside the war zones, where threat levels were lower.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Proposition 2: Rituals Reduce Emotional Deficit
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Sosis and Handwerker, 2011 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A second bottom-up mechanism by which ritual can regulate emotion is the successful completion of a structured action sequence.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Bottom-Up Processing
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the aforementioned studies, participants were not randomly assigned to have an emotional deficit, leading to many different possible interpretations of these data.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Proposition 1: Emotional Deficit Increases Ritualistic Behavior
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In other words, rituals may be meaningful partly because they are seen as ancient and unchanged.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Top-Down Processing
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Other populations under intense stress such as abuse victims (Jacobs, 1989) and palliative care patients (Romanoff & Thompson, 2006) often engage in excessive ritualization as well.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Proposition 1: Emotional Deficit Increases Ritualistic Behavior
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Rituals then can serve as a form of distraction, blocking out possible negative thoughts from entering a person's mind.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Bottom-Up Processing
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“As a coping strategy, the pregame rituals of athletes have been shown to limit the number of anxious thoughts they experience by directing their focus on the completion of the ritual sequence instead.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Bottom-Up Processing
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Similar to ritualistic compulsions, religious rituals are known to be activated during times of anxiety and negative emotion (Ahler & Tamney, 1964;Anastasi & Newberg, 2008).”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Proposition 1: Emotional Deficit Increases Ritualistic Behavior
What the sources say
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Although the majority of the anthropological and clinical research on this topic focuses on when rituals emerge in response to negative affective states, there are at least four studies demonstrating the reverse path: that assigning individuals in emotional distress to do rituals can alleviate their distress.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Proposition 2: Rituals Reduce Emotional Deficit
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Fitting with this explanation, research has shown that the concept of meaningfulness broadens the perceptual scope of time, allowing a person to think about how the present relates to the past and the future (Vallacher & Wegner, 1985).”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Top-Down Processing
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Vallacher & Wegner, 1985
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Multiple experiments suggest that framing basic actions as ritual can help regulate negative emotion and anxiety at least in part because of a person's belief that rituals have some inherent meaning.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Top-Down Processing
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Second, Anastasi and Newberg (2008) measured Catholic college students' anxiety before and after a stressful experience and found that those randomly assigned to recite the Rosary, a Catholic set of prayers, experienced greater reduction in anxiety than those assigned to watch a religious video.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Proposition 2: Rituals Reduce Emotional Deficit
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Anastasi and Newberg, 2008 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At the same time, however, the paradoxical consequences of OCD-temporary relief from anxiety and the ironic rebound of returning anxiety-suggest that attentional distraction could be detrimental in the long run.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Bottom-Up Processing
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Most interesting, the effect of ritual on anxiety was significantly stronger when participants were induced to feel high anxiety than when they were induced to feel low anxiety (Study 2, Brooks et al., 2016).”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Proposition 2: Rituals Reduce Emotional Deficit
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Brooks et al., 2016 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These types of appraisals during a ritual's performance provide people with a sense of comfort because doing the practice reminds them that they belong to something that is bigger than themselves (e.g., a group, a belief system, the universe).”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Top-Down Processing
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Particularly compelling, a large survey sample of Israeli citizens demonstrated that those who happened to reside in areas exposed to missile attack during the Gulf War were more likely to engage in magical thinking and religious rites than those who resided in areas not exposed to attack (Keinan, 1994).”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Proposition 1: Emotional Deficit Increases Ritualistic Behavior
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Keinan, 1994 source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The first way that rituals may assist in regulating emotions is through the positive feeling of having completed a practice understood to be ritual.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Top-Down Processing
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“During the performance of a ritual, focusing on the series of action sequences will direct a person's attention to the specific motions and sensory experiences.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Bottom-Up Processing
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Across multiple experiments, participants who were induced to lack control were more likely to develop superstitions and engage in superstitious reasoning, a style of thinking that is often coupled with rituals.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Proposition 1: Emotional Deficit Increases Ritualistic Behavior
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Whitson and Galinsky, 2008 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The motor control required of ritual's physical actions may also regulate emotions simply through the physical completion of the ordered movements themselves.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Bottom-Up Processing
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Meaningful appraisals of rituals may at least partly derive from their historical elements, where certain practices are seen as belonging to past tradition or one's ancestry.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Top-Down Processing
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The successful completion of a ritual acts as a signal to the self of one's control over a situation.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Top-Down Processing
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Completing action sequences that are not only structured but also strenuous may explain ritual's influence on emotion regulation.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Bottom-Up Processing
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Finally, Norton and Gino (2014) demonstrated that individuals who performed rituals to manage their grief felt less sad, and more in control, than individuals who did not perform rituals.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Proposition 2: Rituals Reduce Emotional Deficit
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Norton and Gino, 2014 source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“First, in a nonclinical population, Whitson and Galinsky (2008) found that when people's need for order is disrupted, they tend to compensate by seeking out illusory patterns of coherence and connection.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Proposition 1: Emotional Deficit Increases Ritualistic Behavior
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Whitson and Galinsky, 2008 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“First, preparation rituals can improve goal-driven performance (Cohn et al., 1990;Foster et al., 2006;Weinberg, Gould, & Jackson, 1979);”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Proposition 2: Rituals Reduce Goal Discrepancy
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Research on superstitious behaviors shows that when people engage in avoidant rituals, such as knocking down on wood (i.e., pushing away from oneself), they worry less about a possible jinxed outcome, compared with when they knock up on wood (i.e., pulling in toward oneself).”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Bottom-Up Processing
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Zhang, Risen, & Hosey, 2014 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this way, rituals appear to play an important role in preparing a person for a context that is motivationally relevant, such as when athletes engage in preperformance rituals to prepare for a game, students use study rituals to prepare for an exam, or people ceremoniously complete a morning tea ritual to prepare for the workday.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Goal Regulation
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Across domains, important events are often preceded or marked by the presence of rituals.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“During the enactment of a single ritual, such as when an athlete prepares for a stressful performance event, a person may be regulating both his or her emotions and performance goal states.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Proposition 2: Rituals Reduce Goal Discrepancy
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“As a result, they tend to lead to increased involvement, either in subsequent acts that are temporally or conceptually linked to the ritual behavior, or to the ritual act itself (van der Hart, 1983).”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Bottom-Up Processing
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites van der Hart, 1983
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
In the paper
“This goal-regulatory process can also be achieved on a more implicit level (Koole, McCullough, Kuhl, & Roelofsma, 2010).”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Goal Regulation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Koole, McCullough, Kuhl, & Roelofsma, 2010 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“At the heart of most rituals is outward physical movement-the expression of abstract beliefs through concrete action (Geertz, 1973).”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Bottom-Up Processing
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Geertz, 1973
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A second way that ritual's physical features may contribute to goal pursuit is through the embodiment of different regulatory states.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Bottom-Up Processing
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Indeed, the perceived efficacy of rituals is determined by their physical and motoric features, such as the level of repetition and sequencing of movement (e.g., Legare & Souza, 2012, 2014).”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Bottom-Up Processing
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Legare & Souza, 2012, 2014
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Third, this notion is also reflected in classical Confucian philosophy, which places considerable emphasis on ritual through goal-directed action and the internalization of values (e.g., Ivanhoe, 2007;Sarkissian, 2010;Slingerland, 2015).”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Proposition 2: Rituals Reduce Goal Discrepancy
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Ivanhoe, 2007 source
- Not matchedcites Sarkissian, 2010
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Slingerland, 2015
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“where, for example, taking a slumped posture (i.e., avoidance-motivated stance) can lead a person to adopt a defeatist and helpless attitude, compared with when taking an upright posture (i.e., approach-motivated stance; Riskind, 1984;Riskind & Gotay, 1982).”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Bottom-Up Processing
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“This effect was demonstrated across multiple self-control domains (e.g., eating healthy and being prosocial).”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Proposition 2: Rituals Reduce Goal Discrepancy
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Tian et al., 2017
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There are different rituals for different situations, the varying actions reflecting the motivational demands required to successfully complete a goal.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Bottom-Up Processing
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Indeed, such fixated behaviors are reminiscent of different pathological conditions such as OCD (e.g., Jung & Dell, 1940).”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Testable Predictions
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Jung & Dell, 1940 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Moreover, the association between cardiac physiology and heightened attention (e.g., Porges, 1992;Porges & Raskin, 1969) suggests that extreme, even painful, rituals are particularly effective at honing attention to the situation revolving around the event.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Bottom-Up Processing
What the sources say
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One way that rituals can regulate goal-directed behavior is by heightening attention to the goal context through the experience of segmented, repetitive actions.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Bottom-Up Processing
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This successful ritual experience, in turn, generates incidental feelings of personal efficacy and confidence.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Top-Down Processing
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Hamerman and Morewedge (2015) provide one of the most direct tests of this proposition; in a series of studies, they demonstrate that individuals who naturally have lower level of performance orientation or those primed to pursue performance goals exhibit more superstitious behavior, compared with those with higher performance orientation or primed to pursue learning goals.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Proposition 1: Goal Discrepancy Increases Ritualistic Behavior
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Hamerman and Morewedge, 2015 source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Rituals may be particularly good at directing attention because they are inherently compelling and attention grabbing.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Bottom-Up Processing
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Comparing the ritual traditions of weddings versus funerals, which convey either extreme joy or sorrow, it is clear that the physical movements reflect these underlying motivational dynamics.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Bottom-Up Processing
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Movements in wedding rituals are quick, light, and vivacious, whereas in funerals they are typically slow, heavy, and burdensome.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“They provide comfort to a person by allowing them to escape their present self, making anxieties seem fleeting and more manageable.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Top-Down Processing
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Rituals can spur motivated behaviors that have personal relevance.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Goal Regulation
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This suggests that the physical action parsing that happens during rituals is effective at drawing attention either to the ritual actions themselves or to the motivated behavior that follows, resulting in feelings of heightened involvement.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Bottom-Up Processing
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“From this, rituals can be thought of as vehicles of meaning.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Top-Down Processing
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: unclear — It is unclear whether it could be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When applied to rituals, we can see the approach/avoid distinction expressed in offensive versus defensive movements, particularly in performance domains such as athletics and the military.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Bottom-Up Processing
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“For example, there is evidence suggesting that East Asians from highly ritualized Confucian cultures have improved self-regulation compared with people from Western cultures, who are less ritualized (Butler, Lee, & Gross, 2007;Sarkissian, 2014;Seeley & Gardner, 2003).”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Proposition 2: Rituals Reduce Goal Discrepancy
What the sources say
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We suggest that rituals may serve this fundamental psychological function by minimizing these regulatory deficits and aligning a person with focal goals.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Goal Regulation
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Ritual practitioners often explicitly and deliberately bring to mind an ideal goal state and compare their current state with the desired outcome.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This suggests that when consuming food (a type of goal-directed process), the rigidity and repetition of a ritual in preparing to eat draws the attention to the food item, thereby increasing motivation toward the end goal: in this case, to savor the food being consumed.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Bottom-Up Processing
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Whereas in the first function, rituals buffer negative states via distraction, here, the function of a ritual is to focus on goal-related states.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Bottom-Up Processing
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This regulatory process, both explicit and implicit, is frequently found in performance domains where rituals are enacted to achieve a desired level of optimal performance.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Goal Regulation
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“That is, the physical differences in ritual styles may be predicted by the motivational context in which the ritual is being done.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Bottom-Up Processing
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ritual's appraisals and narratives regulate goal states through the successful completion of a meaningful personal practice understood to be ritual.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Top-Down Processing
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our account sees these sorts of differences as a built-in regulatory function of ritual.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Bottom-Up Processing
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The more people devote time to thinking about the past and future, the more meaning they attribute to their life in general (Baumeister, Vohs, Aaker, & Garbinsky, 2013).”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Top-Down Processing
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Baumeister, Vohs, Aaker, & Garbinsky, 2013 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“For instance, one set of experiments found that performing rituals, compared with performing other acts, enhanced the eating experience by heightening the performers' perceived involvement in consumption (Vohs, Wang, Gino, & Norton, 2013).”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Bottom-Up Processing
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Vohs, Wang, Gino, & Norton, 2013 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Second, outside performance contexts, one set of experiments found that rituals increase people's ability to successfully pursue self-control goals.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Proposition 2: Rituals Reduce Goal Discrepancy
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Tian et al., 2017
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“The regular practice of effortful religious rituals signals personal commitment and builds implicit selfcontrol over time, promoting adaptive behaviors that enhance health and well-being (Whitehouse, 2002;Wood, 2016).”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Proposition 2: Rituals Reduce Goal Discrepancy
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, a second process by which performing group rituals may enhance social functioning is through the coordination of movement, in particular engaging in behaviors that are similar in form and matched in time with others.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Proposition 1: Lacking affiliation increases ritualistic behavior.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“and kibbutz members who more frequently engaged in communal religious rituals were more cooperative in a public goods game with other kibbutz members (Ruffle & Sosis, 2007;Sosis & Ruffle, 2003).”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Social Regulation
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In the second, individuals who learned novel rituals reported less bias against outgroup members with the same ritual, but only when the ritual was sufficiently elaborate (Hobson et al., 2017).”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Proposition 1: Lacking affiliation increases ritualistic behavior.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Hobson et al., 2017 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Children in an afterschool program who were led to engage in a necklace beading ritual reported more ingroup affiliation than those who engaged in the same group activity without the ritual (Wen et al., 2016).”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Social Regulation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Wen et al., 2016 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In other words, the perceived knowledge of shared attentional states causes elaborative processing of a jointly attended sensorimotor stimulus.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Proposition 1: Lacking affiliation increases ritualistic behavior.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One mechanism by which engaging in group rituals may regulate an individual's connection to the group is through shared attention.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Proposition 1: Lacking affiliation increases ritualistic behavior.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In such a way, shared performance can create a stronger feeling of connection to others.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Social Regulation
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In the case of ritual, just as an activity or goal can become more meaningful because it is incorporated into a ritual (Kapitány & Nielsen, 2015), we suggest that other people who are part of the ritual may also become more meaningful.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Proposition 1: Lacking affiliation increases ritualistic behavior.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kapitány & Nielsen, 2015 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“For example, people who walked together in the Tamborrada ritual in Spain reported more group belonging and social integration after the event than before (Páez et al., 2015).”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Social Regulation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Páez et al., 2015
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In either case, success on the ritual can signal a likelihood of future goal success.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Top-Down Processing
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Experimental manipulations of synchrony-from finger tapping to full-body marching and stomping-have been shown to increase affiliation (Hove & Risen, 2009), compassion (Valdesolo & DeSteno, 2011), cooperation (Wiltermuth & Heath, 2009), and team performance (Davis, Taylor, & Cohen, 2015), especially when synchrony is part of the goal (Reddish, Fischer, & Bulbulia, 2013).”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Proposition 1: Lacking affiliation increases ritualistic behavior.
What the sources say
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These types of group rituals are particularly effective at coordinating shared attention/affect simply because the pain experienced by one person is also being experienced, and therefore shared, by others in the group.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Proposition 1: Lacking affiliation increases ritualistic behavior.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Indeed, this distinction is played out in real-life rituals such as rites of passage, in which a young person is first required to observe the ceremony for a number of years before formally becoming a performer, usually as an initiate at a certain age of maturity (Turner, 1987;Van Gennep, 1909).”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Social Regulation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Turner, 1987
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Van Gennep, 1909
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
In the paper
“In one study offering supportive evidence, Watson-Jones, Whitehouse, and Legare (2015) found that children who are ostracized, compared with those who are socially included, are more likely to imitate the ritual-like actions of other ingroup members.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Proposition 1: Lacking affiliation increases ritualistic behavior.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Watson-Jones, Whitehouse, and Legare, 2015 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“For example, students who participated together in secular ritual protests following a series of bomb attacks reported more perceived social support than those who did not demonstrate (Páez et al., 2007),”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Social Regulation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Páez et al., 2007
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Group rituals that involve more synchronous body movements are associated with more trust, cooperation, and feelings of oneness than are other group rituals (Fischer et al., 2013).”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Proposition 1: Lacking affiliation increases ritualistic behavior.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Fischer et al., 2013 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, participating in collective rituals, especially those that are attention grabbing and involve increased effort or pain, can create shared intense emotional experiences among participants, and as a result, can make a person feel closer to other group members.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Proposition 1: Lacking affiliation increases ritualistic behavior.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The more value a goal has, the more likely it is to be intrinsically pursued and met (Eccles & Wigfield, 2002).”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Top-Down Processing
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Eccles & Wigfield, 2002 source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Because even the most basic ritual actions are judged as more meaningful compared with nonritual actions (Kapitány & Nielsen, 2015, 2016), it is reasonable that completing a ritual transfers meaning and increases the value of the associated goal.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Top-Down Processing
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Kapitány & Nielsen, 2015, 2016
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
In the paper
“For example, research found that people expressed stronger feelings of fusion with their group after participating in a group walking ritual, and this was mediated by the extent to which they perceived emotional synchrony with other walkers (Páez et al., 2015).”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Proposition 1: Lacking affiliation increases ritualistic behavior.
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Páez et al., 2015
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Second, observing a group ritual helps a person learn and share cultural knowledge related to the social norms most important to the group.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Social Regulation
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Since then, a host of empirical studies have provided evidence linking group rituals to positive social outcomes, such as cooperation, social cohesion, and perceived social support (Fischer, Callander, Reddish, & Bulbulia, 2013;Hopkins et al., 2015;Páez et al., 2007;Páez, Rimé, Basabe, Wlodarczyk, & Zumeta, 2015;Ruffle & Sosis, 2007;Sosis & Ruffle, 2003).”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Social Regulation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Fischer, Callander, Reddish, & Bulbulia, 2013 source
- Not matchedcites Hopkins et al., 2015
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Páez et al., 2007
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This, in turn, regulates social states, as the information can be used to draw inferences about participants and their relationship to the group, such as whether they are trustworthy and loyal members.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Proposition 1: Lacking affiliation increases ritualistic behavior.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“There is ample evidence in the psychological literature for feelings toward one stimulus being transferred, extended, or misattributed to other related ones (see, for example, Schwarz & Clore, 1983).”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Proposition 1: Lacking affiliation increases ritualistic behavior.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Schwarz & Clore, 1983 source
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Indeed, even novel rituals introduced by an experimenter have been shown to promote affiliation.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Social Regulation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Wen et al., 2016 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In other words, the successful completion of a ritual before an important task has the function of signaling to an individual that he or she is competent and capable of being successful on the ensuing task (for a general account of self-signaling on action and decision making, see Bodner & Prelec, 2003).”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Top-Down Processing
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Bodner & Prelec, 2003 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The pain experienced during extreme rituals may focus people's attention toward the painful stimulus or to the sensation of pain itself.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Proposition 1: Lacking affiliation increases ritualistic behavior.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Longitudinal and experimental designs, however, provide more convincing support for the notion that engaging in collective rituals helps a person affiliate with fellow group members.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Social Regulation
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By engaging in a group ritual, an individual can show that they are part of the group.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Proposition 1: Lacking affiliation increases ritualistic behavior.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The processing is similar to the previous function of regulating emotion, but instead of generating feelings of order or control, here rituals instill a sense of personal mastery by fulfilling competence motivation (White, 1959).”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Top-Down Processing
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites White, 1959 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The process of ritual and boosted goal regulation is perhaps similar to what happens during goal internalization, where a person integrates regulatory action, making goals more personally valuable, and thus, pursued through intrinsic and self-determined drives (Deci & Ryan, 1985;Grolnick, Gurland, Jacob, & Decourcey, 2002;Ryan & Deci, 2000).”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Top-Down Processing
What the sources say
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The successful completion of a personally relevant ritual also imbues the goal with more meaning.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Top-Down Processing
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Such knowledge acts as a reliable and credible cue that can foster group cohesion through identity and status formation (Henrich, 2009).”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Proposition 1: Lacking affiliation increases ritualistic behavior.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Henrich, 2009 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“and historical evidence shows that religious groups that have costly rituals are more successful (Sosis & Bressler, 2003).”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Proposition 1: Lacking affiliation increases ritualistic behavior.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Sosis & Bressler, 2003 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Collective rituals may not only shape bottom-up processing by capturing joint attention, but also through shared physical action.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Proposition 1: Lacking affiliation increases ritualistic behavior.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Taken together, this evidence suggests that ritualistic imitation of noninstrumental behavior reliably emerges to fulfill social needs, whether to enforce social norms or increase felt belonging.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Proposition 1: Lacking affiliation increases ritualistic behavior.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One consequence of this is that focused attention swamps a person's executive systems, leaving little room for personal improvisation or alteration.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Proposition 1: Lacking affiliation increases ritualistic behavior.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A second bottom-up explanation accounting for ritual's role in cultural learning is how engaging with certain physical actions prepares learners to encode and imitate the action sequences.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Proposition 1: Lacking affiliation increases ritualistic behavior.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Proposition 2: Ritual reduces affiliative deficits.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Proposition 1: Lacking affiliation increases ritualistic behavior.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While observing the performance of a ritual, one will make inferences related to the intentions of the actor(s).”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Proposition 1: Lacking affiliation increases ritualistic behavior.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
In the paper
“Cues of social intention in such cases are even more important to an observer (usually a child or new initiate) when the behavior being observed is ambiguous in its purpose (Legare, Wen, Herrmann, & Whitehouse, 2015).”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Proposition 1: Lacking affiliation increases ritualistic behavior.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Legare, Wen, Herrmann, & Whitehouse, 2015 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Indeed, unlike instrumental or functional behaviors, often the goal of ritual is merely the correct execution of the actions themselves (Rossano, 2012).”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Addressing Complexity in Our Framework
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Rossano, 2012 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“But it is important to note that the processing involved during the successful completion of a ritual is likely to involve top-down psychological inputs as well.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Addressing Complexity in Our Framework
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Instead, ritual can be considered a combination of both bottom-up and top-down processing.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Addressing Complexity in Our Framework
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“According to our framework, all forms of ritual derive from an assorted combination of bottom-up (sensorimotor) and top-down (conceptual) mental processing related to its physical and psychological features, respectively.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For instance, we proposed that a bottom-up mechanism for why rituals facilitate emotion regulation is that their successful completion satisfies a fundamental need for order.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Addressing Complexity in Our Framework
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
In the paper
“Finally, children with autism, who may lack a strong social motivation to be like others, tend not to copy the specific style with which a model performs an action (Hobson & Hobson, 2008).”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Proposition 1: Lacking affiliation increases ritualistic behavior.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Hobson & Hobson, 2008 source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The mechanism explaining how heightened attention during ritual contributes to effective goal pursuit can also be understood in a social context with collective rituals.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Addressing Complexity in Our Framework
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In one study, children imitated actions most faithfully if the actions were performed synchronously and framed as a matter of convention as opposed to outcome based, indicating greater learning for more ritualistic actions (i.e., synchronous and symbolic acts; Herrmann et al., 2013).”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Proposition 1: Lacking affiliation increases ritualistic behavior.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Herrmann et al., 2013 source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“As long as a shared ritual remains a fixed set of sequences, done in the exact same way as in previous instances (Rappaport, 1999), then the properties of the ritual experience that are encoded (and later retrieved) will remain relatively unchanged.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Proposition 1: Lacking affiliation increases ritualistic behavior.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Rappaport, 1999 source
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Citing a prayer in a religious ritual, for example, will prime a person in a manner consistent with the norms of that religious group, placing meaning onto both the norms and the group.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Proposition 1: Lacking affiliation increases ritualistic behavior.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“First, our framework is open to overlap occurring across the three regulatory functions.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Addressing Complexity in Our Framework
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The second primary prediction that derives from the cybernetic control model is that engaging in ritualistic behavior should regulate deficits in cultural learning or affiliation.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Proposition 1: Lacking affiliation increases ritualistic behavior.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Given the symbolism and lack of causality inherent in rituals, these behaviors signal that something important and meaningful is being done.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Proposition 1: Lacking affiliation increases ritualistic behavior.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“At least two studies provide weak evidence for this proposition, suggesting that more ritualistic behavior can improve cultural learning, though they do not measure cultural learning per se.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Proposition 1: Lacking affiliation increases ritualistic behavior.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Second, we suggest that cultural learning is maintained through ritual because meaning is transferred back onto the norms through frequent performance.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Proposition 1: Lacking affiliation increases ritualistic behavior.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A primary area of complexity is that both the functions of ritual that we address and its psychological mechanisms involve overlapping categories.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Addressing Complexity in Our Framework
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“There is strong evidence that ritualistic behavior, in this case the overimitation of noninstrumental actions demonstrated by others, is more likely to emerge when the observer's need for social connection is higher.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Proposition 1: Lacking affiliation increases ritualistic behavior.
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this type of situation where a ritual is actually being enacted, the contextual and social cues given by the actors, or parents, act as a signal to the child that this behavior is a matter of convention, and thus, is to be engaged in ritualistically (i.e., with greater meaning).”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Proposition 1: Lacking affiliation increases ritualistic behavior.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Both children and adults engage in more ritualistic imitation when the model is an adult, perhaps because social pressure is higher (McGuigan, Makinson, & Whiten, 2011).”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Proposition 1: Lacking affiliation increases ritualistic behavior.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites McGuigan, Makinson, & Whiten, 2011 source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In adulthood, inferring social intention during ritual leads to more complex cognitive appraisals that lead to the maintenance and transmission of norms.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Proposition 1: Lacking affiliation increases ritualistic behavior.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Simply put, because of their rigid patterning and segmentation, rituals are more easily remembered and copied compared with nonritual behaviors.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Proposition 1: Lacking affiliation increases ritualistic behavior.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Supporting this, research has shown that rituals that are judged to be more sacred or meaningful are associated with more cooperation and feelings of oneness than are other group rituals (Fischer et al., 2013).”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Proposition 1: Lacking affiliation increases ritualistic behavior.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Fischer et al., 2013 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As explained in the previous sections, the motoric features that distinguish rituals from other behaviors, namely, noninstrumental and rigid sequencing, help orient attention to the ritual and/or surrounding context.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Proposition 1: Lacking affiliation increases ritualistic behavior.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“With greater sense of collective purpose, a person will be motivated to continue to share and transmit the group's ritual practices.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Proposition 1: Lacking affiliation increases ritualistic behavior.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“When a person observes an actor interacting with physical objects, those objects are evaluated as more special and desirable when they are subjected to noninstrumental ritual-like actions, compared with instrumental control actions (Kapitány & Nielsen, 2015).”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Proposition 1: Lacking affiliation increases ritualistic behavior.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kapitány & Nielsen, 2015 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“This developmental preparedness to imitate the ritualistic (i.e., socially conventional) behaviors of others may provide the basis from which more complex normative rituals arise later in life (Nielsen, Kapitány, & Elkins, 2015).”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Proposition 1: Lacking affiliation increases ritualistic behavior.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Nielsen, Kapitány, & Elkins, 2015 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The first explanation for why observing rituals facilitates engagement in cultural learning is that it is a marker or signal of important social behaviors.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Proposition 1: Lacking affiliation increases ritualistic behavior.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“First, a possible explanation of how ritual helps a person engage in cultural learning is related to the fact that adherence to ritual actions limits attention to particular stimuli in the environment.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Proposition 1: Lacking affiliation increases ritualistic behavior.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We argue that the same core psychological mechanisms, bottom-up and top-down cognitive processes, underlie all three functions.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Conclusion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Second, bottom-up and top-down processing do not necessarily present a clear division for explaining ritual's effects.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Addressing Complexity in Our Framework
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A ritual is rarely, if ever, exclusively the result of one level of processing.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Addressing Complexity in Our Framework
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“For instance, children who are ostracized by their ingroup (compared with those who are not ostracized, or are ostracized by the outgroup) are more likely to engage in ritualistic imitation strategies (Watson-Jones et al., 2015).”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Proposition 1: Lacking affiliation increases ritualistic behavior.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Watson-Jones et al., 2015 source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, the script that is encoded in memory tends to have little variation.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Proposition 1: Lacking affiliation increases ritualistic behavior.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Each time a ritual is performed or observed, a mental narrative is recreated, which acts as a reminder of what a group values most (and the meaning behind the purpose of the ritual).”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Proposition 1: Lacking affiliation increases ritualistic behavior.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 44
- Probably not a substantial claim. 28
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“In the first, individuals who watched a film clip designed to induce negative mood alone felt less group cohesion than those watching a neutral film clip, but this effect was reversed when the group watched the clips together (Rennung & Göritz, 2015).”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Proposition 1: Lacking affiliation increases ritualistic behavior.
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Rennung & Göritz, 2015 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (Main Analysis; page unavailable) report a mood-by-attention interaction and greater cohesion when participants watched the negative clip together rather than individually. But the comparator was a pooled set of three non-negative clips, not a neutral clip, and the reported results do not establish a reversal relative to that comparator when clips were watched together. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Importantly, endorphin levels correlate with feelings of ingroup bonding (Tarr et al., 2015;Weinstein et al., 2016), and may be instrumental in fostering group cohesion.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Declaration of Conflicting Interests
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Tarr et al., 2015 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Methods (Dependent variables; page unavailable) say the study measured pain threshold as a proxy for endorphin activity, not endorphin levels directly. The Discussion (page unavailable) reports that synchrony and exertion increased both pain threshold and in-group bonding and suggests endorphins may help link the two. It does not establish the claimed correlation between measured endorphin levels and feelings of in-group bonding. (LLM, conf=0.87)
- Partly supportedcites Weinstein et al., 2016 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract reports that bonding measures and pain thresholds, used as a proxy for endorphin release, increased after group singing. The Discussion suggests the endogenous opioid system may contribute to social bonding. But the Results’ reported correlations are between positive affect and bonding, not between endorphin levels and bonding; endorphins were not measured directly. (LLM, conf=0.88)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Recent studies show that the production of endogenous opioids is greatly amplified when ritual is performed in the context of a group (Weinstein, Launay, Pearce, Dunbar, & Stewart, 2016), and especially so when performed in synchrony (Cohen, Ejsmond-Frey, Knight, & Dunbar, 2010;Sullivan & Rickers, 2012).”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Declaration of Conflicting Interests
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Weinstein, Launay, Pearce, Dunbar, & Stewart, 2016 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction reports higher pain thresholds for coordinated activity performed in a group rather than alone. This study measured pain thresholds—not opioid production—before and after group singing, and the Discussion says the pain-threshold change was comparable in small and large groups. It therefore supports a possible group-related endorphin effect, but not the broader claim that group ritual greatly amplifies opioid production. The synchrony clause has separate citations and is not assessed here. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Partly supportedcites Cohen, Ejsmond-Frey, Knight, & Dunbar, 2010 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results report a larger increase in pain threshold after group rowing than after solo rowing (11.04 versus 5.63 mm Hg), and the Discussion interprets this as suggesting heightened opioidergic activity during synchronized activity. The paper measured pain threshold, not opioid production directly, and says the specific contribution of synchrony is unknown. It mentions rituals as a possible parallel but did not test ritual performance. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Not matchedcites Sullivan & Rickers, 2012
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“First, rituals are distinguished by a specific set of physical features pertaining to the characteristic aspects of the individual actions that compose them, which tend to be structured in rigid, formal, and repetitive ways (Foster, Weigand, & Baines, 2006;Rossano, 2012;Tambiah, 1979).”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > The Defining Features of Ritual
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although listed separately for the purpose of our conceptual framework, there is considerable overlap between the three functions.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Ritual's Regulatory Functions
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although many studies demonstrate beneficial consequences of rituals for improving emotional well-being, performance, and affiliation, fewer test the strong version of these propositions, which requires examining the consequences of rituals under conditions of deficit.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Ritual's Regulatory Functions
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Fluctuating psychosocial states are first detected and then compared against an ideal (future) reference state.If a discrepancy is found to exist, the ritual is triggered, closing off the loop and resolving the discrepancy (Rappaport, 1971).”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Ritual's Regulatory Functions
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Rappaport, 1971 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“We suggest that the sensory experience of engaging in sequenced actions that are rigid, formal, and repetitive, as well as the motor control required to enact these actions with care, leads to a regular stream of event segmentation, which makes ritual more attention grabbing and more memorable than nonritualized actions (Boyer & Liénard, 2006;Nielbo & Sørensen, 2011).”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Organizing a Framework of Ritual: Bottom-Up and Top-Down Processing
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Boyer & Liénard, 2006
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Nielbo & Sørensen, 2011 source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This unique quality of ritual means that the behaviors performed are inherently more valuable than other behaviors.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Organizing a Framework of Ritual: Bottom-Up and Top-Down Processing
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ritualistic sequences, by virtue of being perceived as special, are more than the arbitrary physical movements that comprise them.Instead, the actions are interpreted as a practice that is meaningful, providing context and connecting a person to something that is bigger than themselves-their ancestry, familial traditions, cultural and religious groups, nature, immortality, and more.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Organizing a Framework of Ritual: Bottom-Up and Top-Down Processing
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These relative weightings, which are determined by the specific purpose served by the ritual, will alter the psychological experience for the person, and ultimately lead to different outcomes in the ritual experience.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Organizing a Framework of Ritual: Bottom-Up and Top-Down Processing
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Clinical studies provide relatively strong support that rituals regulate negative emotions, because they demonstrate that rituals are more likely to emerge when performers experience an emotional deficit-that is, an emotional state that diverges from one's desired state.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Proposition 1: Emotional Deficit Increases Ritualistic Behavior
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Malinowski noticed that these islanders performed elaborate magical rituals when traveling in unpredictable and dangerous ocean waters but not when fishing in the safe waters of the lagoon, and concluded that they used these rituals in an effort to exercise some control over the otherwise uncertain conditions of open-sea fishing.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Emotion Regulation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Malinowski, 1954
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“which is known to induce pleasurable feelings, reduce distress, and facilitate coping with anxiety (Bali, Randhawa, & Jaggi, 2015).”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Bottom-Up Processing
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Bali, Randhawa, & Jaggi, 2015 source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Interestingly, researchers have noted morphological similarities between OCD rituals and religious rituals (Dulaney & Fiske, 1994;Fiske & Haslam, 1997).”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Proposition 1: Emotional Deficit Increases Ritualistic Behavior
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“For example, other research has shown that distraction techniques can lead to decreased subjective anxiety but elevated physiological arousal (Grayson, Foa, & Steketee, 1982).”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Bottom-Up Processing
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Grayson, Foa, & Steketee, 1982 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A second explanation considers how the inherent symbolic value of ritual helps to transfer meaning to other abstract concepts.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Top-Down Processing
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In line with this thinking, Boyer and Liénard (2006) propose that the physical action units of ritual lead to a swamping of working memory that temporarily reduces anxiety.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Bottom-Up Processing
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Boyer and Liénard, 2006
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“The entropy model of uncertainty makes a similar prediction, positing that anxiety motivates organisms to return to familiar low-entropy states to regain a sense of control (Hirsh, Mar, & Peterson, 2012;Lang et al., 2015, but also see Krátky et al., 2016).”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Bottom-Up Processing
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Boyer and Liénard (2008) theorized that ritualized actions are an evolutionary vestige of a vigilance detection system, helping to provide a sense of stability in the face of uncontrollable threats.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Bottom-Up Processing
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Boyer and Liénard, 2008 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“More specifically, the motoric rigidity of ritual actions satisfies a fundamental need for order, and may help to regulate emotions especially in response to anxious events.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Bottom-Up Processing
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Presumably, labeling the same behaviors as a ritual created a belief that they were meaningful, which played a critical role in reducing anxiety.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Top-Down Processing
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“They found that anxiety measured at the physiological level led to an increase in repetitiveness and rigidity, and self-reported anxiety predicted redundancy of movement, all of which are characteristic of ritual behavior.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Proposition 1: Emotional Deficit Increases Ritualistic Behavior
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Lang et al., 2015 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Rituals energize and stimulate a person's actions, motivating them toward current and future goals by bringing attention to the regulatory context and heightening feelings of personal involvement.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Goal Regulation
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Religious burial rituals, for instance, might provide solace by bringing to mind important concepts of the group's history, while also promising hope in an afterlife.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Top-Down Processing
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Here, the ritual culture is portrayed in rigid drills that involve synchronous marching, chanting, and other regimented behaviors that ensure order and high levels of motivation (e.g., Aronson & Mills, 1959;King, 2013;McNeill, 1995;Mills & Mintz, 1972).”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Proposition 2: Rituals Reduce Goal Discrepancy
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Aronson & Mills, 1959 source
- Not matchedcites King, 2013
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites McNeill, 1995
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Often the embodiment of certain ritual actions happens automatically and outside conscious awareness, suggesting that such bodily movements may be attuned to implicit self-regulation (Kuhl, 2000).”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Goal Regulation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kuhl, 2000 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Third, religious concepts, which are closely linked to ritual practice and prayer, have been shown to improve selfregulation and self-control (e.g., Fishbach, Friedman, & Kruglanski, 2003;Laurin, Kay, & Fitzsimons, 2012;Mazar, Amir, & Ariely, 2008;Rounding, Lee, Jacobson, & Ji, 2012;Shariff & Norenzayan, 2007;Xygalatas, 2013; but see Good, Inzlicht, & Larson, 2015), suggesting that the rituals”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Proposition 2: Rituals Reduce Goal Discrepancy
What the sources say
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This idea aligns with decades of research in social psychology showing that much of human behavior is governed by regulatory processes: People go to great lengths to minimize the discrepancy between ideal future states and current states, which initiates various goal-directed behaviors (e.g., Bandura, 1991;Carver & Cheier, 1982;Carver & Scheier, 1998;Deci & Ryan, 2000;Friston, 2002;Gray, 1982Gray,”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Goal Regulation
What the sources say
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Attention underlies much of our executive function and regulatory processes (e.g., James, 1890/1992; Kaplan & Berman, 2010;Todd, Cunningham, Anderson, & Thompson, 2012), guiding different motivated behaviors.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Bottom-Up Processing
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These specific actions are done to evoke an approach-motivated state, which presumably helps boost performance in the ensuing game by appearing more threatening and competitive to the other team.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Bottom-Up Processing
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: When the New Zealand national rugby team enacts the Haka war ritual before a game, they engage in a variety of approach behaviors.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Three lines of research point toward ritual's ability to enhance goal pursuit, although none of this work clearly demonstrates that rituals can overcome deficits in pursuing goals.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Proposition 2: Rituals Reduce Goal Discrepancy
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Interestingly, observational studies of athletes suggest the reverse correlation: that better performers (who presumably have lower discrepancy from their goal) tend to exhibit more ritualistic or superstitious behavior, not less (Cohn, Rotella, & Lloyd, 1990;Cotterill, Sanders, & Collins, 2010;Foster et al., 2006; although note that these studies have low sample sizes).”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Proposition 1: Goal Discrepancy Increases Ritualistic Behavior
What the sources say
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Top-down processing of social ritual relies on the fact that one has engaged in a behavior known to be ceremonial (and not some other mundane social behavior).”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Proposition 1: Lacking affiliation increases ritualistic behavior.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The sense of shared attention generates perceptions of emotional synchrony in each individual (Páez et al., 2015), which fosters a feeling of oneness and bonding with the other members of the group (Spoor & Kelly, 2004).”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Proposition 1: Lacking affiliation increases ritualistic behavior.
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Páez et al., 2015
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Spoor & Kelly, 2004 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“it is reasonable that completing a ritual transfers meaning and increases the value of the associated goal.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Top-Down Processing
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Each of these papers provide causal evidence that group rituals can alleviate negative mood in groups and group bias, respectively, indicating that rituals serve an affiliative function.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Proposition 1: Lacking affiliation increases ritualistic behavior.
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“But these correlational results cannot show whether engaging in group rituals causally promotes group cohesion and cooperation or whether people with a strong group identity are especially likely to engage in group rituals (see, for example, Swann, Gómez, Seyle, Moralies, & Huici, 2009).”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Social Regulation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Swann, Gómez, Seyle, Moralies, & Huici, 2009 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In other words, because rituals tend to be performed in important situations, performing a ritual may lead people to infer that the situation is important, leading them to place more value on their current goals.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Top-Down Processing
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Durkheim (1915) theorized that collective rituals allow participants to affiliate with group members by creating a sense of collective unity.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Social Regulation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Durkheim, 1915
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Indeed, many scholars have suggested that rituals are ubiquitous because they are central to the functioning of large-scale cooperative groups, forming the basis of contemporary society (Atran & Henrich, 2010;Durkeim, 1915;Irons, 1996;Norenzayan & Shariff, 2008;Rossano, 2012;Watson-Jones & Legare, 2016).”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Social Regulation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Atran & Henrich, 2010 source
- Not matchedcites Durkeim, 1915
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Irons, 1996
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In other words, a person affiliates with fellow group members while performing a group ritual, and learns cultural knowledge while observing it.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Social Regulation
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“First, performing a group ritual enhances affiliation with fellow group members and advertises signals of group loyalty and trust.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Social Regulation
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In addition, people donated more money to their temple after participating in a high-ordeal Hindu ritual compared with a low-ordeal ritual, and the level of pain correlated with the amount of donation (Xygalatas, Mitkidis, et al., 2013).”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Social Regulation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Xygalatas, Mitkidis, et al., 2013 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In such cases, the function of a shared group ritual is to allow an individual to participate fully in the social world by affiliating with fellow group members, reaffirming one's position in the group, and sharing in important social conventions and cultural knowledge.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Social Regulation
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Similarly, children imitate a model more faithfully after being primed with social exclusion (i.e., after having been shown videos in which one shape is excluded from a group of other shapes; Over & Carpenter, 2009) or when the individual who demonstrated them is present at the time of test (Nielsen & Blank, 2011), thus suggesting that their imitation was produced for the model.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Proposition 1: Lacking affiliation increases ritualistic behavior.
What the sources say
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In other words, the link between action (e.g., reciting a holy prayer over beads) and outcome (e.g., absolution of sins) is in principle unknowable.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Proposition 1: Lacking affiliation increases ritualistic behavior.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Consistent with these explanations, religious primes will cause people to become more punitive of others' behaviors if they violate norms (McKay, Efferson, Whitehouse, & Fehr, 2011), a reaction that can be amplified in religious settings that prioritize orthopraxy rather than orthodoxy, in which ritual and prayer are highly valued (Laurin & Plaks, 2014).”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Proposition 1: Lacking affiliation increases ritualistic behavior.
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“An alternative mechanism that exists outside our framework, and which could help explain these group-based effects, is related to the role of endorphins.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Declaration of Conflicting Interests
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This could help explain, for example, how collective rituals in team contexts are particularly well suited to both galvanize group unity and heighten motivated performance on an ensuing task.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Addressing Complexity in Our Framework
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“As another example, emotional states are not merely psychosocial states to be regulated; they also serve as cues signaling when other psychosocial states require regulation.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Addressing Complexity in Our Framework
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Leary, 1999 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Just as shared attention can promote group affiliation (social regulation), so too can shared attention promote effective goal pursuit (goal regulation).”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Addressing Complexity in Our Framework
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Shteynberg & Galinsky, 2011 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This then helps reinforce the ritual and the associated norms.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Proposition 1: Lacking affiliation increases ritualistic behavior.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Within the parameters of our framework, religious rituals are not considered a special class of ritual, and at the level of the individual psychology are in fact no different than other nonreligious types.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Declaration of Conflicting Interests
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A recent study that examined both those mechanisms together (Lang, Bahna, Shaver, Reddish, & Xygalatas, 2017) found that synchrony increased interpersonal bonding and cotrust, and that these effects were mediated both by endorphin release and perceived synchrony.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Declaration of Conflicting Interests
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Lang, Bahna, Shaver, Reddish, & Xygalatas, 2017 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We have examined the evidence underlying two propositions derived from the cybernetic control model suggesting that rituals regulate (a) emotions, (b) performance goal states, and (c) social connections to others because (a) deficits in each of these states tend to increase ritualistic behavior and (b) enacting rituals can reduce these deficits.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Discussion
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Proposition 1: Lacking affiliation increases ritualistic behavior.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Proposition 1: Lacking affiliation increases ritualistic behavior.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This conceptualization implies that rituals must be done properly, which is why completing them feels particularly good compared with other types of behavior that do not have to be done with such specificity.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Addressing Complexity in Our Framework
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nevertheless, a certain amount of bottom-up attention may still be required even for those who have mastered the actions, especially when the ritual involves high levels of interpersonal synchrony.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Declaration of Conflicting Interests
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We note that the bottom-up and top-down processing of ritual are inevitably overlapping, and will typically simultaneously occur.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Declaration of Conflicting Interests
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Confirming this, past work has shown that when a person has knowledge that their goal state is shared with another, particularly with someone who is similar, they tend to experience an intensification of goal pursuit (Shteynberg & Galinsky, 2011).”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Addressing Complexity in Our Framework
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Shteynberg & Galinsky, 2011 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A person who faithfully enacts his or her group's rituals over a lifetime will gain a rich understanding of the cultural conventional norms built into those rituals, inevitably leading to stronger affiliative ties, especially with whom the ritual experience is shared.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Declaration of Conflicting Interests
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, our framework can be applied to all forms of ritual, religious and secular.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Declaration of Conflicting Interests
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This is particularly true in group contexts where coordination or synchronization is crucial for the successful completion of the ritual, such as during religious prayer gatherings.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Declaration of Conflicting Interests
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although experts can easily do the actions themselves, they still need to attend to the movements of others to ensure proper coordination and timing.”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Declaration of Conflicting Interests
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
The elaborate rituals observed in the real world build on basic neurocognitive, affective, and motivational processes.
“We take the position that the elaborate rituals observed in the real world, which have been central to shaping human experience, build on basic neurocognitive, affective, and motivational processes.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Rituals are a universal aspect of human behavior.
“Recently, however, psychologists have begun turning their attention to the study of ritual, uncovering the causal mechanisms driving this universal aspect of human behavior.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The three regulatory functions (emotions, performance goal states, and social connection) are the primary functions of rituals.
“Our framework focuses on three primary regulatory functions of rituals: regulation of (a) emotions, (b) performance goal states, and (c) social connection.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Across domains, important events are often preceded or marked by the presence of rituals.
“Across domains, important events are often preceded or marked by the presence of rituals.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Ritual practitioners often explicitly and deliberately bring to mind an ideal goal state and compare their current state with the desired outcome.
“Ritual practitioners will often explicitly and deliberately bring to mind an ideal goal state (e.g., improving performance) and compare their current state with the desired outcome.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Little research has directly tested whether greater discrepancy from one's goal can induce more ritualistic behavior.
“To our knowledge, little research has directly tested whether greater discrepancy from one's goal can induce more ritualistic behavior, although some scholars theorize that goal discrepancy can direct ritualistic behavior explicitly and implicitly (Wood & Neal, 2007).”
The paper relies on this without support.
The military lifestyle is known to espouse excellence in self-discipline and behavioral regulation.
“Likewise, the military lifestyle is known to espouse excellence in self-discipline and behavioral regulation.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Movements in wedding rituals are quick, light, and vivacious, whereas in funerals they are typically slow, heavy, and burdensome.
“Movements in wedding rituals are quick, light, and vivacious, whereas in funerals they are typically slow, heavy, and burdensome.”
The paper relies on this without support.
When the New Zealand national rugby team enacts the Haka war ritual before a game, they engage in a variety of approach behaviors.
“For example, when the New Zealand national rugby team enacts the Haka war ritual before a game, they engage in a variety of approach behaviors (e.g., leaning forward, moving quickly, stomping).”
The paper relies on this without support.
Rituals shared within religious groups, sports teams, work organizations, and families are often experienced as social events.
“Rituals shared within religious groups, sports teams, work organizations, and families, are often experienced as social events.”
The paper relies on this without support.
There has not been much work examining rituals when there is a deficit of social connection.
“Despite all the research that has examined the relationship between rituals and affiliative outcomes, there has not been much work examining rituals when there is a deficit of social connection.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Very little extant psychological research tests the proposition that having a need for social connection or belonging should induce more social ritualistic behavior.
“To our knowledge, very little extant psychological research tests our first proposition deriving from cybernetic control theory-that having a need for social connection or belonging should induce more social ritualistic behavior.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
By studying young children, scholars can assume that there is cultural naïveté (e.g., a deficit).
“By studying young children, scholars can assume that there is cultural naïveté (e.g., a deficit).”
The paper relies on this without support.
The field of psychology has remained quiet on the topic of ritual for decades.
“Although the field of psychology has remained quiet on the topic of ritual for decades, the current framework recognizes the value that psychological research can add to our understanding of this remarkable and universal aspect of human behavior.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Very little research has tested the predictions that derive from cybernetic control theory beyond Propositions 1 and 2.
“To our knowledge, very little research has tested the predictions that derive from cybernetic control theory beyond Propositions 1 and 2.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Other research shows that performing complex behaviours can provide a reward in itself, as completing a sequence of rigid motor actions may satisfy a natural need for order [68].”
From Habit as a therapeutic component in psychological treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder: A randomised controlled feasibility study. (2026) · cites this paper as [68]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Testable predictions.
“a person experiencing a deficit in self-esteem will be more willing to engage in a group's ritual to prevent the possibility of being socially excluded (i.e., our Proposition 2).”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Ritual's Regulatory Functions
“Proposition 1: Experiencing an emotional, goal-driven, or social deficit should elicit more ritualistic behavior.Proposition 2: Enacting rituals should thereby reduce such aforementioned deficits.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Proposition 1: Lacking affiliation increases ritualistic behavior.
“Watson-Jones, Whitehouse, and Legare (2015) found that children who are ostracized”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > References
“263. Watson-Jones, R. E., Whitehouse, H., & Legare, C. H. (2016). In-group ostracism increases high-fidelity imitation in early childhood.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > Top-Down Processing
“(Deci & Ryan, 1985;Grolnick, Gurland, Jacob, & Decourcey, 2002;Ryan & Deci, 2000).”
§ The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework > References
“89. Grolnick, W. S., Gurland, S. T., Jacob, K. F., & Decourcey, W. (2000). The development of self-determination in middle childhood and adolescence.”
Cited works that were retracted
Works this paper cites that were later retracted, from the retraction notices publishers deposit. Major when the notice came out before this paper was published.
A note, not an issue: for example, a cited work that was retracted only after this paper was published, which its authors could not have known.
Cited work 10.1037/pspa0000113 · retracted 2024-02-01 · notice 10.1037/pspa0000374 · this paper published 2017-11-13
A note, not an issue: for example, a cited work that was retracted only after this paper was published, which its authors could not have known.
In the paper
“10.1016/j.obhdp.2016.07.004”
Cited work 10.1016/j.obhdp.2016.07.004 · retracted 2024-10-16 · notice 10.1016/j.obhdp.2024.104377 · this paper published 2017-11-13
Citations
Cites
2 retracted
RETRACTED: Don’t stop believing: Rituals improve performance by decreasing anxiety
Brooks, A. W., Schroeder, J., Risen, J. L., Gino, F., Galinsky, A. D., Norton, M. I., & Schweitzer, M. E. (2016) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2016.07.004 · Cited by 182
Self-citationRetractedEnacting rituals to improve self-control.
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“Furthermore, there has to date been only a limited amount of attention to the precise psychological mechanisms proposed to be underlying the bonding and pro-group behaviour observed (see Hobson et al., 2017, for a summary).”
BackgroundRitualistic Consumption Decreases Loneliness by Increasing Meaning
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Metadata
- Authors
- Hobson, N. M., Schroeder, J., Risen, J. L., Xygalatas, D., & Inzlicht, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Toronto (CA)
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- University of Chicago (US)
- University of Connecticut (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hobson, Nicholas M.
- Venue
- Personality and Social Psychology Review
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2017-11-13
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 260-284
- ISSN
- 1088-8683 (ISSN-L)
- 1532-7957
- OpenAlex
- W2614302206
- Cited by
- 354
- References
- 302
- Citations by year
- 2026: 49 · 2025: 66 · 2024: 35 · 2023: 42 · 2022: 35 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 48 · 2019: 34 · 2018: 9
- FWCI
- 4.30
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- escholarship.org
- Locations
- Personality and Social Psychology Review (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) (submittedVersion)
- OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints) (submittedVersion, public-domain)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Religion, Spirituality, and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Visual Arts and Performing Arts › Arts and Performance Studies
- Keywords
- ritual, emotion regulation, social connectedness, integrative framework
- MeSH terms
- Self-Control, Ceremonial Behavior, Cognition, Culture, Emotions, Goals, Humans, Psychological Theory, Social Behavior
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-11, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-11 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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