Cited by 1,380Psychometric Methodologies and TestingBusiness Strategies and Management ResearchMeta-analysis and systematic reviews

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Common Methods Bias: Does Common Methods Variance Really Bias Results?

Doty, D. Harold, Glick, William H.·1998·Organizational Research Methods

DOI 10.1177/109442819814002

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Abstract

Methods variance and its effects are at the center of a debate in organizational science. Most of the debate, however, is focused on the prevalence of common methods variance and ignores common methods bias, or the divergence between observed and true relationships among constructs. This article assesses the level of common methods bias in all multitrait-multimethod correlation matrices published over a 12-year period in a set of six social science journals using a combination of structural equation modeling and meta-analysis. The results indicate that only 46% of the variation in measures is attributable to the constructs, that 32% of the observed variation in measures is attributable to common methods variance, and that common methods variance results in a 26% bias in the observed relationships among constructs. This level of bias is cause for concern but does not invalidate many research findings.

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Peretz, H. V., Binyamin, G., & Carmeli, A. (2010) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2010.09.005 · Cited by 136
Affectivity, conflicts in the work–family interface, and hotel employee outcomes
Karatepe, O. M., & Uludağ, O. (2007) · International Journal of Hospitality Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2007.07.001 · Cited by 134
The motivational effects of diminished self-esteem for employees who experience abusive supervision
Vogel, R. M., & Mitchell, M. S. (2017) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/0149206314566462 · Cited by 151
“In the first two studies, separating the surveys in time by 1 month reduces the likelihood of CMV biasing the results (Doty & Glick, 1998; Podsakoff et al., 2003); furthermore, the results of our empirical tests indicated that CMV did not bias the results.”
Result
The impacts of external network and business group on innovation: Do the types of innovation matter?
Kim, Y., & Lui, S. S.-Y. (2015) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2015.01.006 · Cited by 126
Enhancing firm performance: The role of brand orientation in business-to-business marketing
Chang, Y., Wang, X., & Arnett, D. B. (2018) · Industrial Marketing Management · doi:10.1016/j.indmarman.2018.01.031 · Cited by 134
An investigation of leaders’ motivation, intellectual leadership, and sustainability strategy in relation to Norwegian manufacturers’ performance
Eide, A. E., Sæther, E. A., & Aspelund, A. (2020) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120053 · Cited by 147
Social media and customer relationship management technologies: Influencing buyer-seller information exchanges
Itani, O. S., Krush, M. T., Agnihotri, R., & Trainor, K. J. (2020) · Industrial Marketing Management · doi:10.1016/j.indmarman.2020.07.015 · Cited by 152
Conscientiousness and contextual performance
Jawahar, I. M. “., & Carr, D. (2007) · Journal of Managerial Psychology · doi:10.1108/02683940710745923 · Cited by 125
Need for leadership as a moderator of the relationships between leadership and individual outcomes
de Vries, R. E., Roe, R. A., & Taillieu, T. C. B. (2002) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/s1048-9843(02)00097-8 · Cited by 125
Perceived organizational politics, emotional intelligence and work outcomes
Meisler, G., & Vigoda‐Gadot, E. (2014) · Personnel Review · doi:10.1108/pr-02-2012-0040 · Cited by 133
“Although several scholars have argued that common method variance does not invalidate most research findings (see: Crampton and Wagner, 1994; Doty and Glick, 1998; Spector, 2006), relying solely on self-report data may raise concerns regarding this issue.”
Background
Stewardship Climate Scale
Neubaum, D. O., Thomas, C. H., Dibrell, C., & Craig, J. B. L. (2016) · Family Business Review · doi:10.1177/0894486516673701 · Cited by 124
“We performed multiple post hoc tests for common method variance, and our results indicated that any impact of common method variance was minimal and did not bias the final results (Doty & Glick, 1998).”
Method
A Critical Examination of the Relationship between Emotional Intelligence and Transformational Leadership
Lindebaum, D., & Cartwright, S. (2010) · Journal of Management Studies · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6486.2010.00933.x · Cited by 141
Export barriers and path to internationalization: A comparison of conventional enterprises and international new ventures
Kahiya, E. T. (2013) · Journal of International Entrepreneurship · doi:10.1007/s10843-013-0102-4 · Cited by 127
A multilevel study on servant leadership, job boredom and job crafting
Harju, L. K., Schaufeli, W. B., & Hakanen, J. (2018) · Journal of Managerial Psychology · doi:10.1108/jmp-08-2016-0237 · Cited by 122
“However, the long time between measurements ameliorates this potential bias (Doty and Glick, 1998).”
Background
Negative workplace gossip: Its impact on customer service performance and moderating roles of trait mindfulness and forgiveness
Babalola, M. T., Ren, S., Kobinah, T., Qu, Y. E., Garba, O. A., & Guo, L. (2019) · International Journal of Hospitality Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2019.02.007 · Cited by 124
Antecedents and outcomes of service recovery performance in a public health‐care environment
Ashill, N. J., Carruthers, J., & Krisjanous, J. (2005) · Journal of Services Marketing · doi:10.1108/08876040510609916 · Cited by 117
Homework Compliance Counts in Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
LeBeau, R. T., Davies, C. D., Culver, N. C., & Craske, M. G. (2013) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2013.763286 · Cited by 105
“The relationship between selfreport ratings of homework compliance and symptom severity may also be artificially inflated by virtue of commonmethods variance (Doty & Glick, 1998).”
Background
Effects of Information Technology Capabilities on Strategic Alliances: Implications for the Resource‐Based View
Lioukas, C. S., Reuer, J. J., & Zollo, M. (2015) · Journal of Management Studies · doi:10.1111/joms.12179 · Cited by 117
Export promotion programmes as export performance catalysts for SMEs: insights from an emerging economy
Malca, O., Peña-Vinces, J. C., & Acedo, F. J. (2019) · Small Business Economics · doi:10.1007/s11187-019-00185-2 · Cited by 99
“The study took into account the low response rate in the context of emerging economies (e.g. Peña-Vinces et al. 2017) and took measures to avoid potential bias in the employment of mono-methods (Chang et al. 2010; Doty and Glick 1998; Podsakoff et al. 2003).”
Analyzing the use of UTAUT model in explaining an online behaviour: Internet banking adoption
AlQeisi, K. (2009) · Brunel University Research Archive (BURA) (Brunel University London) · Cited by 118
Segmenting Mainland Chinese Tourists to Taiwan by Destination Familiarity: a Factor‐cluster Approach
Chen, C.-C. B., & Lin, Y.-H. P. (2011) · International Journal of Tourism Research · doi:10.1002/jtr.864 · Cited by 116
Job Design and the Employee Innovation Process: The Mediating Role of Learning Strategies
Holman, D. J., Totterdell, P., Axtell, C. M., Stride, C., Port, R. L., Svensson, R., & Zibarras, L. (2011) · Journal of Business and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10869-011-9242-5 · Cited by 128
“An improvement in model fit is not uncommon when adding a common method factor (Doty and Glick 1998; Meade et al. 2007).”
Testing a Moderated Mediational Model of Workgroup Incivility: The Roles of Organizational Trust and Group Regard
Miner-Rubino, K. N., & Reed, W. (2010) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2010.00695.x · Cited by 115
Work‐home interference among nurses: reciprocal relationships with job demands and health
HEIJDEN, B. I. J. M. V. D., Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., & The NEXT Study Group coordinated by Hans‐Martin Hasselhorn (2008) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2008.04630.x · Cited by 118
“As we used self-report measures both for the predictor variables, i.e. job demands, for WHI (the mediator) and for the outcome variable, i.e. general health, a common-method bias may exist (Doty & Glick 1998, Podsakoff et al. 2003).”
Method
The Sales Lead Black Hole: On Sales Reps' Follow-Up of Marketing Leads
Sabnis, G., Chatterjee, S. C., Grewal, R., & Lilien, G. L. (2012) · Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1509/jm.10.0047 · Cited by 115
Trust, social support and patient type—Associations between patients perceived trust, supportive communication and patients preferences in regard to paternalism, clarification and participation of severely injured patients
Ommen, O., Janßen, C., Neugebauer, E. A. M., Bouillon, B., Rehm, K. E., Rangger, C., Erli, H. J., & Pfaff, H. (2008) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2008.03.016 · Cited by 119
“This level of bias is a real cause for concern but does not invalidate research findings in general [55].”
Do the Hustle! Empowerment from Side-Hustles and Its Effects on Full-Time Work Performance
Sessions, H., Nahrgang, J. D., Vaulont, M. J., Williams, R., & Bartels, A. L. (2021) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2018.0164 · Cited by 116
Leadership in the Context of Temporary Organizations
Tyssen, A. K., Wald, A. E., & Heidenreich, S. (2013) · Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies · doi:10.1177/1548051813502086 · Cited by 118
Perceptions of Employee Volunteering: Is It “Credited” or “Stigmatized” by Colleagues?
Rodell, J. B., & Lynch, J. W. (2015) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2013.0566 · Cited by 124
“We introduced temporal and source separation wherever possible—two common procedural remedies that combat this threat (Doty & Glick, 1998)—collecting our data across two time periods and sources.”
Background

Authors: Doty, D. H., & Glick, W. H.
Affiliations: Syracuse University (US)
Arizona State University (US)
ORCID: Doty, D. Harold
Venue: Organizational Research Methods
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 1998-10
Volume: 1
Issue: 4
Pages: 374-406
ISSN: 1094-4281 (ISSN-L)
1552-7425
DOI: 10.1177/109442819814002
OpenAlex: W2168082050
Cited by: 1,380
References: 84
Citations by year: 2026: 37 · 2025: 39 · 2024: 51 · 2023: 52 · 2022: 51 · 2021: 64 · 2020: 62 · 2019: 58 · 2018: 55 · 2017: 67 · 2016: 63 · 2015: 64 · 2014: 95 · 2013: 89 · 2012: 92
FWCI: 9.20
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Organizational Research Methods (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › Business Strategies and Management Research
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
Keywords: measurement bias, construct relationships, measurement error, organizational analysis

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Common Methods Bias: Does Common Methods Variance Really Bias Results?

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