Cited by 1,380Psychometric Methodologies and TestingBusiness Strategies and Management ResearchMeta-analysis and systematic reviews

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Common Methods Bias: Does Common Methods Variance Really Bias Results?

Doty, D. Harold, Glick, William H.·1998·Organizational Research Methods

DOI 10.1177/109442819814002

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Abstract

Methods variance and its effects are at the center of a debate in organizational science. Most of the debate, however, is focused on the prevalence of common methods variance and ignores common methods bias, or the divergence between observed and true relationships among constructs. This article assesses the level of common methods bias in all multitrait-multimethod correlation matrices published over a 12-year period in a set of six social science journals using a combination of structural equation modeling and meta-analysis. The results indicate that only 46% of the variation in measures is attributable to the constructs, that 32% of the observed variation in measures is attributable to common methods variance, and that common methods variance results in a 26% bias in the observed relationships among constructs. This level of bias is cause for concern but does not invalidate many research findings.

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Lee, Y. (2010) · International Journal of Cross Cultural Management · doi:10.1177/1470595809359583 · Cited by 61
“In addition to the potential biases of common method variance (however mitigated they may be; see Doty and Glick, 1998), there is a risk of inflating the intercultural effectiveness measures by the participants evaluating themselves.”
Background
Sustainable energy development through non‐residential rooftop solar photovoltaic adoption: Empirical evidence from India
Kumar, P., Gupta, S., & Dagar, V. (2023) · Sustainable Development · doi:10.1002/sd.2644 · Cited by 66
Method Variance From the Perspectives of Reviewers: Poorly Understood Problem or Overemphasized Complaint?
Pace, V. L. (2009) · Organizational Research Methods · doi:10.1177/1094428109351751 · Cited by 60
“…several articles have directly addressed the impact of CMV in organizational research and whether concerns are justified (e.g., Bagozzi & Yi, 1990; Doty & Glick, 1998; Podsakoff, MacKenzie, Lee, & Podsakoff, 2003; Spector, 1987, 2006; Williams & Brown, 1994; Williams, Cote, & Buckley, 1989).”
Background
Forms of Competition and Outcomes in Dual Distribution Channels: The Distributor’s Perspective
Vinhas, A. S., & Heide, J. B. (2014) · Marketing Science · doi:10.1287/mksc.2014.0880 · Cited by 60
“Constructs that are relatively concrete, externally oriented, and verifiable tend to display lower CMV bias than constructs that are abstract, internally oriented, and nonverifiable (Doty and Glick 1998, Rindfleisch et al. 2008).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Strategic orientation and business performance
Al-Ansari, Y., Bederr, H., & Chen, C. (2015) · Management Decision · doi:10.1108/md-01-2015-0034 · Cited by 60
Investigating changes in TQM’s effects on corporate social performance and financial performance over time
Sila, I. (2018) · Total Quality Management & Business Excellence · doi:10.1080/14783363.2018.1458609 · Cited by 60
“Future studies should also use multiple methods to obtain better population parameter estimates and improve the generalizability of the findings (Doty & Glick, 1998).”
Method
Antecedents and consequences of flow state in e-commerce
Lee, Y. J., Ha, S., & Johnson, Z. S. (2019) · Journal of Consumer Marketing · doi:10.1108/jcm-10-2015-1579 · Cited by 61
The Relationship between Knowledge Characteristics’ Fit and Job Satisfaction and Job Performance: The Mediating Role of Work Engagement
Bayona, J. A., Caballer, A., & Silla, J. M. P. (2020) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su12062336 · Cited by 60
Mentoring as an HRD approach: Effects on employee attitudes and contributions independent of core self‐evaluation
Thurston, P. W., D’Abate, C. P., & Eddy, E. R. (2012) · Human Resource Development Quarterly · doi:10.1002/hrdq.21130 · Cited by 59
Factors affecting job satisfaction among acute care nurses working in rural and urban settings
Yasin, Y. M., Kerr, M., Wong, C. A., & Bélanger, C. H. (2020) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/jan.14449 · Cited by 65
Sleep disturbances predict long-term changes in low back pain among Finnish firefighters: 13-year follow-up study
Lusa, S., Miranda, H., Luukkonen, R. A., & Punakallio, A. (2014) · International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health · doi:10.1007/s00420-014-0968-z · Cited by 59
“However, such bias is less likely in longitudinal studies (Doty and Glick, 1998).”
Background
Effects of positive vs negative forces on the burnout-commitment-turnover relationship
Chen, C., & Yu, T. (2014) · Journal of service management · doi:10.1108/josm-01-2012-0003 · Cited by 72
“The extent of this bias and its impacts on the results are debatable; we undertook procedural remedies, such as protecting respondent confidentiality and reducing item ambiguity by conducting an extensive pilot test prior to the questionnaire distribution (Doty and Glick, 1998; Podsakoff et al., 2003).”
Background
A Multidimensional Study of School-Family-Community Partnership Involvement: School, School Counselor, and Training Factors
Bryan, J. A., & Griffin, D. C. (2010) · Professional School Counseling · doi:10.5330/prsc.14.1.q447832251421482 · Cited by 59
Supervisory mentoring and newcomer innovation performance in the hospitality industry
Uen, J. F., Chang, H.-C., McConville, D. C., & Tsai, S.-C. (2018) · International Journal of Hospitality Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2018.02.009 · Cited by 60
Basic and Advanced Measurement Models for Confirmatory Factor Analysis
Williams, L. J., Ford, L. R., & Nguyen, N. T. H. (2004) · doi:10.1002/9780470756669.ch18 · Cited by 59
Technology Orientation, Innovation and Business Performance: A Study of Dubai SMEs
Al-Ansari, Y., Altalib, M., & Sardoh, M. (2013) · The International Technology Management Review · doi:10.2991/itmr.2013.3.1.1 · Cited by 58
“This means that common method bias did not appear to be a problem ([64]).”
Method
Green technological distance and environmental strategies: the moderating role of green structural capital
Amores‐Salvadó, J., Cruz‐González, J., Verde, M. D., & González‐Masip, J. J. (2021) · Journal of Intellectual Capital · doi:10.1108/jic-06-2020-0217 · Cited by 58
Modeling ADHD Child and Family Relationships
Kendall, J., Leo, M. C., Perrin, N., & Hatton, D. C. (2005) · Western Journal of Nursing Research · doi:10.1177/0193945905275513 · Cited by 58
“Despite this possibility, some research suggests that common method variance accounts for relatively small proportions of the observed covariation among variables (Doty & Glick, 1998).”
Background
Collaborative Behavior and the Performance of Government Agencies
Whitford, A. B., Lee, S., Yun, T., & Jung, C. S. (2010) · International Public Management Journal · doi:10.1080/10967494.2010.529378 · Cited by 62
“In addition, according to Doty and Glick ( 1998 , 377), several studies, such as Berlinger, Glick, and Rodgers ( 1988 ) and Glick, Jenkins, and Gupta ( 1986 ), conclude that “substantial common methods variance exists and that common methods bias significantly inflates the estimated job characteristics-satisfaction re…”
Background
A Survey of Graduate and Undergraduate Teaching Assistants
Weidert, J. M., Wendorf, A., Gurung, R., & Filz, T. (2012) · College Teaching · doi:10.1080/87567555.2011.637250 · Cited by 63
How does green innovation affect supplier-customer relationships? A study on customer and relationship contingencies
Wang, X., Zhao, Y., & Hou, L. (2020) · Industrial Marketing Management · doi:10.1016/j.indmarman.2020.07.008 · Cited by 67
Participate or not: Impact of information intervention on residents’ willingness of sorting municipal solid waste
Wang, C., Chu, Z., & Gu, W. (2021) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.128591 · Cited by 58
Trust and its alternatives
Alvarez, S., Barney, J. B., & Bosse, D. A. (2003) · Human Resource Management · doi:10.1002/hrm.10097 · Cited by 58
Servant leadership and paternalistic leadership styles in the Turkish business context
Öner, Z. H. (2012) · Leadership & Organization Development Journal · doi:10.1108/01437731211216489 · Cited by 57
Beyond the trade-off and cumulative capabilities models: alternative models of operations strategy
Singh, P. J., Wiengarten, F., Nand, A. A., & Betts, T. K. (2014) · International Journal of Production Research · doi:10.1080/00207543.2014.983277 · Cited by 58
Supervisor to coworker social undermining: The moderating roles of bottom-line mentality and self-efficacy
Eissa, G. M., Wyland, R. L., & Gupta, R. (2018) · Journal of Management & Organization · doi:10.1017/jmo.2018.5 · Cited by 57
“Overall, it is worth noting that common method bias may not present a significant concern (see Spector, 1987, 2006; Doty & Glick, 1998), especially when research utilizes well-designed measures such as ours.”
Background
Entrepreneurial orientation and firm performance: the mediating role of generative and acquisitive learning through customer relationships
Gupta, V. K., Niranjan, S., & Markin, E. T. (2019) · Review of Managerial Science · doi:10.1007/s11846-019-00327-6 · Cited by 63
Corporate social responsibility and service-oriented citizenship behavior: A test of dual explanatory paths
Bavık, A. (2019) · International Journal of Hospitality Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2018.11.014 · Cited by 57

Authors: Doty, D. H., & Glick, W. H.
Affiliations: Syracuse University (US)
Arizona State University (US)
ORCID: Doty, D. Harold
Venue: Organizational Research Methods
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 1998-10
Volume: 1
Issue: 4
Pages: 374-406
ISSN: 1094-4281 (ISSN-L)
1552-7425
DOI: 10.1177/109442819814002
OpenAlex: W2168082050
Cited by: 1,380
References: 84
Citations by year: 2026: 37 · 2025: 39 · 2024: 51 · 2023: 52 · 2022: 51 · 2021: 64 · 2020: 62 · 2019: 58 · 2018: 55 · 2017: 67 · 2016: 63 · 2015: 64 · 2014: 95 · 2013: 89 · 2012: 92
FWCI: 9.20
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Organizational Research Methods (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › Business Strategies and Management Research
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
Keywords: measurement bias, construct relationships, measurement error, organizational analysis

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Common Methods Bias: Does Common Methods Variance Really Bias Results?

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