Cited by 1,380Psychometric Methodologies and TestingBusiness Strategies and Management ResearchMeta-analysis and systematic reviews

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Common Methods Bias: Does Common Methods Variance Really Bias Results?

Doty, D. Harold, Glick, William H.·1998·Organizational Research Methods

DOI 10.1177/109442819814002

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Abstract

Methods variance and its effects are at the center of a debate in organizational science. Most of the debate, however, is focused on the prevalence of common methods variance and ignores common methods bias, or the divergence between observed and true relationships among constructs. This article assesses the level of common methods bias in all multitrait-multimethod correlation matrices published over a 12-year period in a set of six social science journals using a combination of structural equation modeling and meta-analysis. The results indicate that only 46% of the variation in measures is attributable to the constructs, that 32% of the observed variation in measures is attributable to common methods variance, and that common methods variance results in a 26% bias in the observed relationships among constructs. This level of bias is cause for concern but does not invalidate many research findings.

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Hofmann, D. A., Lei, Z., & Grant, A. M. (2009) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0016557 · Cited by 219
“…relationships involved factual data (i.e., job experience and fulfilling a formal work role), which are not subject to common method concerns (Doty & Glick, 1998; Podsakoff & Organ, 1986), and these data were provided by a different source (target nurse) than the dependent variable…”
Method
Stages of Supply Chain Disruption Response: Direct, Constraining, and Mediating Factors for Impact Mitigation
Bode, C., & Macdonald, J. R. (2016) · Decision Sciences · doi:10.1111/deci.12245 · Cited by 233
“Following Doty and Glick (1998), the design of the survey instrument emphasized the concreteness of constructs by anchoring responses in a particular situation (a specific supply chain disruption).”
Method
HR practices and HRM outcomes: the role of basic need satisfaction
Marescaux, E., Winne, S. D., & Sels, L. (2012) · Personnel Review · doi:10.1108/00483481311285200 · Cited by 235
“First, we used validated measures for most of our variables as measures that have undergone psychometric evaluation are less prone to common method bias (Doty and Glick, 1998).”
Method
A stakeholder approach to corporate social responsibility, reputation and business performance
Taghian, M., D’Souza, C., & Polonsky, M. J. (2015) · Social Responsibility Journal · doi:10.1108/srj-06-2012-0068 · Cited by 205
Organizational Web Sites: Web Site Content and Style as Determinants of Organizational Attraction
Cober, R. T., Brown, D. J., Levy, P. E., Cober, A. B., & Keeping, L. M. (2003) · International Journal of Selection and Assessment · doi:10.1111/1468-2389.00239 · Cited by 205
Are job and personal resources associated with work ability 10 years later? The mediating role of work engagement
Airila, A., Hakanen, J., Schaufeli, W. B., Luukkonen, R. A., Punakallio, A., & Lusa, S. (2014) · Work & Stress · doi:10.1080/02678373.2013.872208 · Cited by 246
“Moreover, the longitudinal design used in the current study may diminish the risk of common method bias (Doty & Glick, 1998).”
Method
What I See, What I Do
Tang, Y., Li, J., & Yang, H. (2012) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/0149206312441211 · Cited by 205
“Third, a major part of the data in Study 1 is essentially self-reported by CEOs (a single source), leading to concerns about common method bias (Doty & Glick, 1998).”
Background
Organizational Learning
Flores, L. G. R., Zheng, W., Rau, D., & Thomas, C. H. (2010) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/0149206310384631 · Cited by 203
“We performed multiple post hoc tests for CMV, and our results indicated that CMV cannot be completely ruled out; however, any impact was minimal and did not bias the final results (cf. Doty & Glick, 1998, Spector, 2006).”
Method
Supply-management maturity, cost savings and purchasing absorptive capacity: Testing the procurement–performance link
Schiele, H. (2007) · Journal of Purchasing and Supply Management · doi:10.1016/j.pursup.2007.10.002 · Cited by 202
“Using different sources of data avoids the common method bias, which raises doubts about the validity of results if respondents assess both their own organisation’s quality and its performance (Doty and Glick, 1998; Podsakoff et al., 2003; Spector, 2006).”
Method
The influence of line managers and HR department on employees' affective commitment
Gilbert, C., Winne, S. D., & Sels, L. (2011) · The International Journal of Human Resource Management · doi:10.1080/09585192.2011.565646 · Cited by 200
“Moreover, according to Doty and Glick (1998), validated scales are less sensitive to common method bias.”
American presidential Machiavellianism
Deluga, R. J. (2001) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/s1048-9843(01)00082-0 · Cited by 199
“Therefore, this research design avoided common source and method validity threats (e.g., Doty & Glick, 1998; Podsakoff & Organ, 1986).”
Method
Building engagement in the workplace
Bakker, A. B. (2008) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203971611-14 · Cited by 193
Elaborating the construct of transformational leadership: The role of affect
Brown, D. J., & Keeping, L. M. (2005) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2005.01.003 · Cited by 197
Attitudinal and behavioral consequences of work‐family conflict and family‐work conflict
Yavas, U., Babakus, E., & Karatepe, O. M. (2008) · International Journal of Service Industry Management · doi:10.1108/09564230810855699 · Cited by 220
The importance of participant interaction in online environments
Arbaugh, J. B., & Benbunan‐Fich, R. (2007) · Decision Support Systems · doi:10.1016/j.dss.2006.12.013 · Cited by 195
“This analysis produced eight factors with no single factor accounting for the majority of variance, thus reducing concerns about common method variance [16].”
Method
Circular economy‐based new products and company performance: The role of stakeholders and Industry 4.0 technologies
Pinheiro, M. A. P., Jugend, D., Jabbour, A. B. L. D. S., Jabbour, C. J. C., & Latan, H. (2021) · Business Strategy and the Environment · doi:10.1002/bse.2905 · Cited by 213
Understanding the Importance of Organizational Resources to Explain Organizational Problems: Evidence from Nonprofit Sport Clubs in Germany
Wicker, P. V., & Breuer, C. (2012) · VOLUNTAS International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations · doi:10.1007/s11266-012-9272-2 · Cited by 190
A cross‐cultural examination of subordinates' perceptions of and reactions to abusive supervision
Vogel, R. M., Mitchell, M. S., Tepper, B. J., Restubog, S. L. D., Hu, C., Hua, W., & Huang, J. (2014) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.1984 · Cited by 189
“(2014) DOI: 10.1002/job reflective in CMV and strengthens causal inferences (Doty & Glick, 1998; Podsakoff et al., 2012).”
BackgroundInfluential
Stigma and Acceptance of Persons With Disabilities
McLaughlin, M. E., Bell, M. P., & Stringer, D. Y. (2004) · Group & Organization Management · doi:10.1177/1059601103257410 · Cited by 191
“This is a reasonable criticism, because exclusive reliance on selfreport measures will most likely result in some degree of common method variance (CMV) (Doty & Glick, 1998).”
BackgroundInfluential
Embracing supply chain agility: an investigation in the electronics industry
Tse, Y. K., Zhang, M., Akhtar, P., & MacBryde, J. (2016) · Supply Chain Management An International Journal · doi:10.1108/scm-06-2015-0237 · Cited by 190
“In this study, the common method bias may exist, as all the measures use 7-point Likert scales and responses are from a single informant from each organization (Podsakoff et al., 2003, Doty and Glick, 1998).”
Method
Distributor Sharing of Strategic Information with Suppliers
Frazier, G. L., Maltz, E. N., Antia, K. D., & Rindfleisch, A. (2009) · Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1509/jmkg.73.4.31 · Cited by 187
Effect of corporate environmental sustainability on dimensions of firm performance – Towards sustainable development: Evidence from India
Gupta, A. K., & Gupta, N. (2020) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119948 · Cited by 214
To prosper, organizational psychology should … overcome methodological barriers to progress
Edwards, J. R. (2008) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.529 · Cited by 186
“Moreover, bias due to commonmethod variance is a matter of degree and depends on the substantive nature of the constructs assessed by the measures (Crampton & Wagner, 1994; Doty & Glick, 1998; Spector, 2006; Williams, Cote, & Buckley, 1989).”
Challenging Issues in Survey Research: Discussion and Suggestions
Speklé, R. F., & Widener, S. K. (2017) · Journal of Management Accounting Research · doi:10.2308/jmar-51860 · Cited by 188

Authors: Doty, D. H., & Glick, W. H.
Affiliations: Syracuse University (US)
Arizona State University (US)
ORCID: Doty, D. Harold
Venue: Organizational Research Methods
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 1998-10
Volume: 1
Issue: 4
Pages: 374-406
ISSN: 1094-4281 (ISSN-L)
1552-7425
DOI: 10.1177/109442819814002
OpenAlex: W2168082050
Cited by: 1,380
References: 84
Citations by year: 2026: 37 · 2025: 39 · 2024: 51 · 2023: 52 · 2022: 51 · 2021: 64 · 2020: 62 · 2019: 58 · 2018: 55 · 2017: 67 · 2016: 63 · 2015: 64 · 2014: 95 · 2013: 89 · 2012: 92
FWCI: 9.20
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Organizational Research Methods (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › Business Strategies and Management Research
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
Keywords: measurement bias, construct relationships, measurement error, organizational analysis

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Common Methods Bias: Does Common Methods Variance Really Bias Results?

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