Cited by 1,380Psychometric Methodologies and TestingBusiness Strategies and Management ResearchMeta-analysis and systematic reviews

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Common Methods Bias: Does Common Methods Variance Really Bias Results?

Doty, D. Harold, Glick, William H.·1998·Organizational Research Methods

DOI 10.1177/109442819814002

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Abstract

Methods variance and its effects are at the center of a debate in organizational science. Most of the debate, however, is focused on the prevalence of common methods variance and ignores common methods bias, or the divergence between observed and true relationships among constructs. This article assesses the level of common methods bias in all multitrait-multimethod correlation matrices published over a 12-year period in a set of six social science journals using a combination of structural equation modeling and meta-analysis. The results indicate that only 46% of the variation in measures is attributable to the constructs, that 32% of the observed variation in measures is attributable to common methods variance, and that common methods variance results in a 26% bias in the observed relationships among constructs. This level of bias is cause for concern but does not invalidate many research findings.

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“Front-line employees did not rate service quality, as this measurement practice is prone to create common method bias which may provide biased estimates (Doty and Glick, 1998).”
International network management for the purpose of host market expansion: The mediating effect of co-innovation in the networks of SMEs
Löfgren, A. (2014) · Journal of International Entrepreneurship · doi:10.1007/s10843-014-0129-1 · Cited by 32
The impact of organizational culture and social desirability on Australian CEO leadership
Densten, I. L., & Sarros, J. C. (2012) · Leadership & Organization Development Journal · doi:10.1108/01437731211229296 · Cited by 36
Employability and innovative work behaviours in SMEs in a Euroregion
Stoffers, J., Hendrikx, K., Habets, O., & HEIJDEN, B. I. J. M. V. D. (2019) · Personnel Review · doi:10.1108/pr-10-2018-0387 · Cited by 40
“All data have been collected using surveys opening up the possibility of response set consistencies or common-method bias (Doty and Glick, 1998).”
Method
Familiness, socio-emotional goals and the internationalization of French family SMEs
Basly, S., & Saunier, P.-L. (2019) · Journal of International Entrepreneurship · doi:10.1007/s10843-019-00265-0 · Cited by 32
“Common methods bias, deriving from the subjective evaluation of a main informant, may occur in survey studies (Doty and Glick 1998).”
Background
The effect of knowledge management resource inputs on organizational effectiveness in the restaurant industry
Kim, Y. J., & Hançer, M. (2010) · Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Technology · doi:10.1108/17579881011065065 · Cited by 32
“Researchers argue the detected bias was not typically large enough to affect the theoreitical interpretations of the substantive relationships (Doty and Glick, 1998; Keeping and Levy, 2000).”
Background
When does Ethical Code Enforcement Matter in the Inter-Organizational Context? The Moderating Role of Switching Costs
Colwell, S. R., Zyphur, M. J., & Schminke, M. J. (2011) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-011-0888-8 · Cited by 32
“Although some scholars have found support for the existence of common methods variance in organizational research (e.g., Doty and Glick 1998 ), it has been recognized that the covariance among variables induced by this shared source of variation does not necessarily invalidate results.”
BackgroundMethod
Are internal knowledge transfer strategies double‐edged swords?
Ding, X., Liu, H., & Song, Y. (2013) · Journal of Knowledge Management · doi:10.1108/13673271311300769 · Cited by 32
Efficacy and Outcome Expectations Related to Customer Complaints About Service Experiences
Susskind, A. M. (2000) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/009365000027003004 · Cited by 32
Innovation practices as a path to business growth performance : a study of small and medium sized firms in the emerging UAE market
Al-Ansari, Y. (2014) · Cross Connect (Southern Cross University) · Cited by 32
Not All Bad News After All? Exploring the Relationship Between Citizens’ Use of Online Mass Media for Government Information and Trust in Government
Porumbescu, G. (2017) · International Public Management Journal · doi:10.1080/10967494.2016.1269859 · Cited by 37
“A second limitation relates to common method variance, as all items used to measure key variables in this study were taken from the same survey (Doty and Glick 1998).”
Method
The Social Influence of Executive Hubris
Li, J., & Tang, Y. (2013) · Management International Review · doi:10.1007/s11575-012-0164-x · Cited by 31
Distinguishing self-oriented perfectionism-striving and self-oriented perfectionism-critical in school-aged children: Divergent patterns of perceived parenting, personal affect and school performance
Harvey, B., Moore, A. M., & Koestner, R. (2017) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2017.02.069 · Cited by 31
Job-related diversity: the comprehensiveness and speed of board decision-making processes—an upper echelons approach
Kanadlı, S. B., Bankewitz, M., & Zhang, P. (2017) · Journal of Management & Governance · doi:10.1007/s10997-017-9394-4 · Cited by 31
Shipping surcharges and LSQ: pricing the last mile
Barker, J. M., & Brau, R. I. (2020) · International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management · doi:10.1108/ijpdlm-09-2019-0292 · Cited by 39
Communication and marketing of services by religious organizations in India
Iyer, S., Velu, C. K., & Mumit, A. (2013) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2013.03.012 · Cited by 31
“…of responsibility and knowledge of all of the survey questions, the researchers conduct interviews of a few people in each organization to obtain the information needed for different sections of the survey, including competitive reactions (Doty & Glich, 1998; Friedrich, Bryne, & Mumford, 2009).”
Background
Seizing Opportunities: The Moderating Role of Managerial Characteristics on the Relationship between Opportunity‐Seeking and Innovation Efficacy in Small Businesses
Cooper, D., Peake, W. O., & Watson, W. E. (2016) · Journal of Small Business Management · doi:10.1111/jsbm.12228 · Cited by 31
“…in Table 1, our sample exhibits a high level of similarity to the general small business population, based on Because our data were collected from a single respondent using a single survey instrument, common method bias could potentially influence the results of the study (Doty and Glick 1998).”
Result
Bringing “The Beholder” center stage: On the propensity to perceive overall fairness
Colquitt, J. A., Zipay, K. P., Lynch, J. W., & Outlaw, R. (2018) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2018.08.001 · Cited by 32
The Measurement of Job Satisfaction
Karatepe, O. M., Avcí, T., Karatepe, T., & Canozer, S. (2003) · International Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Administration · doi:10.1300/j149v04n01_04 · Cited by 31
“This might have created a common method variance, although strong criteria for measure assessment were employed (Doty & Glick, 1998).”
Method
Improving scale adaptation practices in information systems research: Development and validation of a cognitive validity assessment method
Pillet, J., Carillo, K., Vitari, C., & Pigni, F. (2023) · Information Systems Journal · doi:10.1111/isj.12428 · Cited by 35
“Indeed, item ambiguity may have its roots in the vagueness of an item's denotative meaning (Hardy & Ford, 2014), the existence of multiple conflicting meanings (Fowler, 1992), or the abstractness of the underlying construct (Doty & Glick, 1998), all of which relate to underlying semantic problems.”
Background
“I'm Trying to Reach Out, I'm Trying to Find My People”: A Mixed-Methods Investigation of the Link Between Sensory Differences, Loneliness, and Mental Health in Autistic and Nonautistic Adults
Quadt, L., Williams, G., Mulcahy, J., Larsson, D. E. O., Silva, M., Arnold, A. J., Critchley, H., & Garfinkel, S. N. (2023) · Autism in Adulthood · doi:10.1089/aut.2022.0062 · Cited by 35
“80 Although the self-report questionnaire we used for measuring sensory reactivity 58 contains some items touching on behavioral responsivity (seeking/avoidance), it is only validated in adults to provide scores on sensory hyper-and hypo-‘‘sensitivities.’’”
The many heels of Achilles: An analysis of self-reported limitations in leadership research
Brutus, S., & Duniewicz, K. (2011) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2011.11.015 · Cited by 30
International Competitiveness of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises: Peru, a Latin-American Emerging Market
Peña‐Vinces, J. C., Casanova, L., Guillen, J. B., & Urbano, D. (2016) · Emerging Markets Finance and Trade · doi:10.1080/1540496x.2016.1156525 · Cited by 31
Assessing the Evaluative Content of Personality Questionnaires Using Bifactor Models
Biderman, M. D., McAbee, S. T., Chen, Z. J., & Hendy, N. T. (2018) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.2017.1406362 · Cited by 30
“For example, Doty and Glick (1998) used multitrait–multimethod analyses of scale scores and reported that 32% of the observed variation in constructs was attributable to common methods variance.”
Method
Treat me well and I may leave you kindly: A configurational approach to a buyer's relationship exit strategy
Habib, F., Bastl, M., Karatzas, A., & Mena, C. (2019) · Industrial Marketing Management · doi:10.1016/j.indmarman.2019.07.008 · Cited by 30

Authors: Doty, D. H., & Glick, W. H.
Affiliations: Syracuse University (US)
Arizona State University (US)
ORCID: Doty, D. Harold
Venue: Organizational Research Methods
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 1998-10
Volume: 1
Issue: 4
Pages: 374-406
ISSN: 1094-4281 (ISSN-L)
1552-7425
DOI: 10.1177/109442819814002
OpenAlex: W2168082050
Cited by: 1,380
References: 84
Citations by year: 2026: 37 · 2025: 39 · 2024: 51 · 2023: 52 · 2022: 51 · 2021: 64 · 2020: 62 · 2019: 58 · 2018: 55 · 2017: 67 · 2016: 63 · 2015: 64 · 2014: 95 · 2013: 89 · 2012: 92
FWCI: 9.20
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Organizational Research Methods (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › Business Strategies and Management Research
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
Keywords: measurement bias, construct relationships, measurement error, organizational analysis

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Common Methods Bias: Does Common Methods Variance Really Bias Results?

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