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Common Methods Bias: Does Common Methods Variance Really Bias Results?

Doty, D. Harold, Glick, William H.·1998·Organizational Research Methods

DOI 10.1177/109442819814002

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Abstract

Methods variance and its effects are at the center of a debate in organizational science. Most of the debate, however, is focused on the prevalence of common methods variance and ignores common methods bias, or the divergence between observed and true relationships among constructs. This article assesses the level of common methods bias in all multitrait-multimethod correlation matrices published over a 12-year period in a set of six social science journals using a combination of structural equation modeling and meta-analysis. The results indicate that only 46% of the variation in measures is attributable to the constructs, that 32% of the observed variation in measures is attributable to common methods variance, and that common methods variance results in a 26% bias in the observed relationships among constructs. This level of bias is cause for concern but does not invalidate many research findings.

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Taleb, T. S. T., Hashim, N. B., Ahmad, S., & Bakar, L. J. A. (2024) · European Journal of Innovation Management · doi:10.1108/ejim-03-2024-0262 · Cited by 14
Strategic, Organizational, and Cultural Fit: Effects on Performance in China‐US Joint Ventures
Heiman, B. A., Li, W., Chan, G., & Aceves, S. D. (2008) · Journal of Asia Business Studies · doi:10.1108/15587890880000410 · Cited by 14
Tackling hurdles to digital transformation - the role of competencies for successful IIoT implementation
Weber, B., Butschan, J., & Heidenreich, S. (2017) · IEEE Technology & Engineering Management Conference (TEMSCON) · doi:10.1109/temscon.2017.7998395 · Cited by 15
“Nonetheless, a single source bias cannot completely be avoided, although the present approach with the combination of qualitative and quantitative methods is broadly accepted in competencerelated investigations [38, 39].”
Background
Emotional inertia emerges after prolonged states of exhaustion: Evidences from a measurement burst study
Alessandri, G., Longis, E. D., & Cepale, G. (2021) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-021-09884-4 · Cited by 14
To What Do I Owe This Visit? The Drawbacks and Benefits of In-Role and Non-Role Intrusions
Bush, J. T., Baer, M. D., Welsh, D. T., Outlaw, R., Garud, N., & Sessions, H. (2021) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/01492063211015288 · Cited by 17
“First, we employed both time and source separation, as research indicates that time and source separation are two of the most effective approaches for limiting common-method bias (Doty & Glick, 1998; Podsakoff, MacKenzie, Lee, & Podsakoff, 2003).”
Method
The role of agility in responding to uncertainty: A cognitive perspective
Kim, M.-C., & Chai, S. (2022) · Advances in Production Engineering & Management · doi:10.14743/apem2022.1.421 · Cited by 15
“By conducting an unrotated factor analysis, this research checked all the eigenvalues according to the research of Doty and Glick [68] and Podsakoff and Organ [69].”
Method
Individual Differences in Judgment and Decision-Making: Novel Predictors of Counterproductive Work Behavior
Alaybek, B., Dalal, R. S., & Dade, B. (2022) · Journal of Business and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10869-022-09843-x · Cited by 22
“A time gap between the measurement of predictors and criteria is methodologically advantageous because it allows for increased confidence in causal direction and because it reduces common method variance (Doty & Glick, 1998; Podsakoff et al., 2003).”
BackgroundMethod
The Relationship Between Physical Health and Meaning in Life Among Parents of Special Needs Children
Bekenkamp, J., Groothof, H. A. K., Bloemers, W., & Tomic, W. (2014) · Europe’s Journal of Psychology · doi:10.5964/ejop.v10i1.674 · Cited by 16
“This methodological artifact occurs when the instruments employed affect the scores that are being collected (Doty & Glick, 1998).”
Background
Affective messages increase leisure walking only among conscientious individuals
Why, Y. P., Huang, R. Z., & Sandhu, P. K. (2010) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2010.01.022 · Cited by 15
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR): A Literature Review
Halbusi, H. A., & Tehseen, S. (2017) · Malaysian Journal of Business and Economics (MJBE) · doi:10.51200/mjbe.v0i0.1078 · Cited by 14
Country and sector effects on the relationships among TQM practices and key performance measures
Sila, I. (2018) · International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management · doi:10.1108/ijppm-11-2017-0297 · Cited by 14
Psychological aspects of women’s career growth constraints and outcomes: A longitudinal study from India
Lathabhavan, R. (2020) · Australian Journal of Career Development · doi:10.1177/1038416220935862 · Cited by 14
“These findings suggested that while method bias might be present, it should not affect results or conclusions significantly (Conger et al., 2000; Doty & Glick, 1998).”
Background
External Correlates of the MMPI-2 Content Component Scales in Mental Health Inpatients
Green, B. A., Handel, R. W., & Archer, R. P. (2006) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191105284432 · Cited by 14
“The .30 adjustment, as an estimate of shared method variance, is supported by the results of two metaanalytic studies of common method variance in social science articles (Cote & Buckley, 1987; Doty & Glick, 1998).”
Result
Impact of Dispositional Factors and Work-Family Conflict on Job Satisfaction among Single Mother Employees
Ahmad, A. (2011) · American Journal of Applied Sciences · doi:10.3844/ajassp.2011.1107.1115 · Cited by 15
Retraining Climate as a Predictor of Retraining Success and as a Moderator of the Relationship between Cross-Job Retraining Time Estimates and Time to Proficiency in the New Job
Lance, C. E., Kavanagh, M. J., & Brink, K. E. (2002) · Group & Organization Management · doi:10.1177/10501102027002007 · Cited by 14
“…regression tests of linear and interaction hypotheses, using multisource manifest indicators for each relevant construct militates against concerns over common method bias that can pose threats to the interpretation of findings when only a single measurement source is used (Doty & Glick, 1998).”
Leader-member-exchange and the workplace bully
Foster, P. J. (2012) · K-State Research Exchange (Kansas State University) · Cited by 14
Professional identity and career aspirations as mediators between principals’ authentic leadership and teachers’ intentions and behaviors
Tsemach, S., & Shapira‐Lishchinsky, O. (2021) · Journal of Educational Administration · doi:10.1108/jea-06-2020-0129 · Cited by 15
The Effect of Self-Sacrificial Leadership on Employees’ Organisational Citizenship Behaviour for the Environment: A Moderated Mediation Model
Qu, Y., Xu, Z., Sun, H., & Qing-sheng, L. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19127450 · Cited by 14
“To alleviate concerns about common method bias [47], we follow the extant research to collect data during May–September 2021 in two phases [48–50].”
Method
Giving the Benefit of the Doubt: Investigating the Insurance‐Like Effect of CSR in Mitigating Negative Employee Reactions to Psychological Contract Breach
Roeck, K. D., Raineri, N., Jones, D. A., & Scheidler, S. (2023) · Journal of Management Studies · doi:10.1111/joms.13006 · Cited by 15
Navigating the double-edged sword: How and when laissez-faire leadership affects Employees' challenging behavior
Zheng, S., & Li, L. (2024) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104549 · Cited by 13
The Long-term Sustainability of Lean as a Management Practice: Survey Evidence on Diffusion and Use of the Concept in Norway in the Period 2015–2017
Madsen, D. Ø., Berg, T., Stenheim, T., Moum, J. V., Bordewich, I. O., & Storsveen, M. (2019) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su11113120 · Cited by 13
“Another potential issues is so-called “common method bias” [67,68].”
Background
Seeing the big picture during the COVID-19 pandemic: the spillover effects of visionary leadership on employees’ work-to-family conflict
Wang, H., Zhang, H., Xie, J., & Zheng, J. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-04080-0 · Cited by 14
“To reduce the interference of common method bias on the results of our study (Doty & Glick, 1998), the data were collected in three waves over a one-month period.”

Authors: Doty, D. H., & Glick, W. H.
Affiliations: Syracuse University (US)
Arizona State University (US)
ORCID: Doty, D. Harold
Venue: Organizational Research Methods
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 1998-10
Volume: 1
Issue: 4
Pages: 374-406
ISSN: 1094-4281 (ISSN-L)
1552-7425
DOI: 10.1177/109442819814002
OpenAlex: W2168082050
Cited by: 1,380
References: 84
Citations by year: 2026: 37 · 2025: 39 · 2024: 51 · 2023: 52 · 2022: 51 · 2021: 64 · 2020: 62 · 2019: 58 · 2018: 55 · 2017: 67 · 2016: 63 · 2015: 64 · 2014: 95 · 2013: 89 · 2012: 92
FWCI: 9.20
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Organizational Research Methods (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › Business Strategies and Management Research
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
Keywords: measurement bias, construct relationships, measurement error, organizational analysis

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Common Methods Bias: Does Common Methods Variance Really Bias Results?

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