The DOI matches its Crossref record; 133 of the 135 references it cites were found in a registry or an index, and 1 are not checked yet.
A review and provocation: On polarization and platforms
Open accessAbstract
Scholars increasingly point to polarization as a central threat to democracy—and identify technology platforms as key contributors to polarization. In contrast, we argue that polarization can only be seen as a central threat to democracy if inequality is ignored. The central theoretical claim of this piece is that political identities map more or less onto social groups, and groups are, in turn, located in social structures. As such, scholars must analyze groups as they are embedded in relations of power to meaningfully evaluate the democratic consequences of polarization. Groups struggling for equality, such as the Black Lives Matter movement, often cause polarization because they threaten the extant power and status of dominant groups. To develop a shared theoretical lens around polarization and its relationship with inequality, we take up the case of research on the role of platforms in polarization, showing how scholarship routinely lacks analysis of inequality.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Estos cambios han generado preocupaciones sobre la calidad del discurso público, el incremento en la polarización y la exposición desigual de voces en el entorno digital (Kreiss & McGregor, 2024).”
From Twitter/X en la campaña presidencial de 2021 en Ecuador: interacciones digitales y su proyección en la polarización política de las siguientes campañas (2025) · cites this paper as Kreiss & McGregor, 2024
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
The Social psychology of intergroup relations
Austin, W. G., & Worchel, S. (1979) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 11,577
The Origins and Consequences of Affective Polarization in the United States
Iyengar, S., Lelkes, Y., Levendusky, M., Malhotra, N., & Westwood, S. J. (2019) · Annual Review of Political Science · doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-051117-073034 · Cited by 3,603
Iyengar, S., Sood, G., & Lelkes, Y. (2012) · Public Opinion Quarterly · doi:10.1093/poq/nfs038 · Cited by 2,996
van Dijck, J., Poell, T., & de Waal, M. (2018) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190889760.001.0001 · Cited by 2,951
Uncivil Agreement: How Politics Became Our Identity
Mason, L. (2018) · doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226524689.001.0001 · Cited by 1,985 · cited 6×
“…science research, but a spate of recent work argues for understanding democracy primarily through identity-based frameworks (Achen and Bartels, 2016; Egan, 2020; Jardina, 2019; Kreiss et al., 2020; Kuo and Marwick, 2021; Lane et al., 2021; Mason, 2018; Reddi et al., 2021; Sides et al., 2018).”
BackgroundInfluentialAchen, C. H., & Bartels, L. M. (2016) · Princeton University Press eBooks · doi:10.1515/9781400882731 · Cited by 1,736
Political parties: organization and power
(1989) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.27-0563 · Cited by 1,715
The Partisan Sort: How Liberals Became Democrats and Conservatives Became Republicans
Levendusky, M. (2009) · doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226473673.001.0001 · Cited by 1,698
Roccas, S., & Brewer, M. B. (2002) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr0602_01 · Cited by 1,696
Social Media and the Decision to Participate in Political Protest: Observations From Tahrir Square
Tüfekçi, Z., & Wilson, C. (2012) · Journal of Communication · doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2012.01629.x · Cited by 1,660
Research works printed but not linked: 8
- Gillespie T (2018) Custodians of the Internet. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
- Guess A, Nyhan B, Lyons B, et al. (2018) Avoiding the echo chamber about echo chambers. Knight Foundation 2: 1–25.
- Hanchard MG (2018) The Spectre of Race. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
- Klein E (2020) Why We’re Polarized. New York: Simon & Schuster.
- 10.18574/nyu/9781479833641.001.0001 · DOI
- Panda A Siddarth D Pal J (2020) COVID BLM and the polarization of US politicians on Twitter. Available at: https://arxiv.org/abs/2008.03263 · arXiv
- Perry SL, Cobb RJ, Whitehead AL, et al. (2022) Divided by faith (in Christian America): Christian nationalism, race, and divergent perceptions of racial injustice. Social Forces 101(2): 913–942.
- 10.1017/CBO9780511490347 · DOI
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Argyle, L. P., Bail, C. A., Busby, E. C., Gubler, J. R., Howe, T., Rytting, C., Sorensen, T., & Wingate, D. (2023) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2311627120 · Cited by 144
Disinformation on digital media platforms: A market-shaping approach
Ruiz, C. A. D. (2023) · New Media & Society · doi:10.1177/14614448231207644 · Cited by 97
Brüggemann, M., & Meyer, H. (2023) · Communication Theory · doi:10.1093/ct/qtad012 · Cited by 60
Chan, M., & Yi, J. (2024) · Political Communication · doi:10.1080/10584609.2024.2325423 · Cited by 71
Esau, K., Choucair, T. D. S., Vilkins, S., Svegaard, S. F. K., Bruns, A., O’Connor-Farfan, K. S., & Lubicz-Zaorski, C. (2024) · Information Communication & Society · doi:10.1080/1369118x.2024.2413127 · Cited by 52
Intersectionality in Marketing: A Paradigm for Understanding Understudied Consumers
Uduehi, E., Clair, J. K. S., & Crabbe, R. (2024) · Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1177/00222429241258493 · Cited by 41
Race and Ethnicity as Foundational Forces in Political Communication: Special Issue Introduction
Coles, S. M., & Lane, D. S. (2023) · Political Communication · doi:10.1080/10584609.2023.2229780 · Cited by 33
Kligler-Vilenchik, N., & Literat, I. (2024) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197795156.001.0001 · Cited by 28
D’Arco, M., Cammarota, A., Marino, V., & Resciniti, R. (2024) · Journal of Global Marketing · doi:10.1080/08911762.2024.2368467 · Cited by 24
Green, J., McCabe, S., Shugars, S., Chwe, H., Horgan, L., CAO, S., & Lazer, D. M. J. (2025) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.1017/s0003055424000984 · Cited by 28
Overgaard, C. S. B. (2024) · Social Media + Society · doi:10.1177/20563051241232662 · Cited by 22
Diving into the divide: a systematic review of cognitive bias-based polarization on social media
Xing, Y., Zhang, Z., Storey, V. C., & Koohang, A. A. (2024) · Journal of Enterprise Information Management · doi:10.1108/jeim-09-2023-0459 · Cited by 21
Disinformation-for-Hire as Everyday Digital Labor: Introduction to the Special Issue
Grohmann, R., & Ong, J. C. (2024) · Social Media + Society · doi:10.1177/20563051231224723 · Cited by 21
Both‐Sideology Endangers Democracy and Social Science
Jost, J. T. (2024) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/josi.12633 · Cited by 23
Xie, Z., Li, S., & Li, W. (2025) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2025.108561 · Cited by 19
Partisanship on the Playground: Expressive Party Politics Among Children
Lay, J. C., Holman, M. R., Greenlee, J. S., Oxley, Z. M., & Bos, A. L. (2022) · Political Research Quarterly · doi:10.1177/10659129221132223 · Cited by 22
CSR Communication and the Polarization of Public Discourses: Introduction to the Special Issue
Schoeneborn, D., Golob, U., Trittin‐Ulbrich, H., Wenzel, M., & O’Connor, A. (2024) · Management Communication Quarterly · doi:10.1177/08933189241268503 · Cited by 20
Jang, H., & Kreiss, D. (2024) · The International Journal of Press/Politics · doi:10.1177/19401612241235819 · Cited by 14
Self-citationAlgorithmic Harms and Algorithmic Wrongs
Diberardino, N., Baleshta, C., & Stark, L. (2024) · ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency (FAccT) · doi:10.1145/3630106.3659001 · Cited by 15
Pelikánová, R. M., Nesbitt, T., Balcerzak, A. P., & Oulehla, J. (2024) · Business Management and Economics Engineering · doi:10.3846/bmee.2024.21414 · Cited by 12
Combating contamination and contagion: Embodied and environmental metaphors of misinformation
Eadon, Y. M., & Wood, S. (2024) · Convergence The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies · doi:10.1177/13548565241255347 · Cited by 16
Iranzo-Cabrera, M., Castro-Bleda, M. J., Simón-Astudillo, I., & Hurtado, L.-F. (2024) · Social Science Computer Review · doi:10.1177/08944393241269417 · Cited by 22
Elements for Effective Systemic Risk Assessment Under the DSAPreprint
Micova, S. B., & Calef, A. (2023) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4512640 · Cited by 11
Kreiss, D., Lawrence, R. G., & McGregor, S. C. (2024) · Political Communication · doi:10.1080/10584609.2024.2343757 · Cited by 10
Self-citationThe polarizing content warning: how the media can reduce affective polarization
Kubin, E., & von Sikorski, C. (2024) · Human Communication Research · doi:10.1093/hcr/hqae006 · Cited by 13
The promise and peril of interpersonal political communication
Settle, J. E. (2024) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.12990 · Cited by 11
Nolan, D., McGuinness, K., Lee, J. Y., Holland, K., & Lewis, M. (2024) · Journalism Practice · doi:10.1080/17512786.2024.2303052 · Cited by 10
Jost, J. T., Goya‐Tocchetto, D., & Kay, A. C. (2023) · The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science · doi:10.1177/00027162241227778 · Cited by 11
Chang, B.-K., Park, S.-W., & Lee, S.-M. (2024) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare12222244 · Cited by 9
Esau, K. (2025) · Social Media + Society · doi:10.1177/20563051251332421 · Cited by 16
Guo, J., & Hu, Y. (2023) · Social Media + Society · doi:10.1177/20563051231196899 · Cited by 13
Mack, P., Wallin, I., Zwickel, M. S., Pfistner, J., König, L., & Kleinschmit, D. (2025) · Forest Policy and Economics · doi:10.1016/j.forpol.2025.103447 · Cited by 8
Mont’Alverne, C., Arguedas, A. R., Banerjee, S., Toff, B., Fletcher, R., & Nielsen, R. K. (2024) · The International Journal of Press/Politics · doi:10.1177/19401612241292700 · Cited by 8
GuesSync!: An Online Casual Game To Reduce Affective Polarization
Rajadesingan, A., Choo, D., Zhang, J., Inakage, M., Budak, C., & Resnick, P. (2023) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3610190 · Cited by 6
Hate-sharing: A case study of its prevalence and impact on Gab
Weigel, M., & Gitomer, A. (2024) · New Media & Society · doi:10.1177/14614448241245349 · Cited by 9
Park, J., & Warner, B. R. (2024) · International Journal of Public Opinion Research · doi:10.1093/ijpor/edae033 · Cited by 7
Dialogue on difference: Identity and political communication
McGregor, S. C., Coe, K., Saldaña, M., Griffin, R., Chavez‐Yenter, D., Huff, M., McDonald, A., Smith, T. R., White, K. C., Valenzuela, S., et al. (2025) · Communication Monographs · doi:10.1080/03637751.2025.2459648 · Cited by 14
Self-citationToward a group theory of political communication
Coles, S. M., Kreiss, D., Lane, D. S., & McGregor, S. C. (2025) · Journal of Communication · doi:10.1093/joc/jqaf049 · Cited by 6
Self-citationIntersectionality in Marketing: A Paradigm for Understanding Understudied ConsumersPreprint
Uduehi, E., Clair, J. K. S., & Crabbe, R. (2023) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4562727 · Cited by 7
Intellectual humility’s effects on political polarization and engagement
Stroud, N. J., & Murray, C. (2025) · Human Communication Research · doi:10.1093/hcr/hqaf007 · Cited by 6
An overview of opinion polarization: models, drivers, and strategic solutions
Liu, S., Wu, Z., & Martínez, L. (2025) · Information Processing & Management · doi:10.1016/j.ipm.2025.104433 · Cited by 5
Crawford, M. (2024) · Media Culture & Society · doi:10.1177/01634437241297893 · Cited by 4
“Not the Whole Story”: The On Being Podcast and Journalism as a Healing Art
Parks, P. (2024) · Journalism Studies · doi:10.1080/1461670x.2024.2443628 · Cited by 4
Preventative Polarization: Republican Senators’ Positional Adaptation in the Tea Party Era
Cowburn, M., & Theriault, S. M. (2024) · American Politics Research · doi:10.1177/1532673x241295697 · Cited by 8
Disentangling participation in online political discussions with a collective field experiment
Oswald, L., Schulz, W. S., & Lorenz-Spreen, P. (2025) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.ady8022 · Cited by 5
Digital Scarlet Letter on Journalists: Weaponized Harassment Against Journalists in South Korea
Park, A., & Lee, N. Y. (2023) · Journalism Practice · doi:10.1080/17512786.2023.2250758 · Cited by 3
Bhalla, S., Ray, R., & Taneja, H. (2024) · Information Communication & Society · doi:10.1080/1369118x.2024.2406819 · Cited by 5
Mahmutović, M., & Lovec, M. (2024) · Javnost - The Public · doi:10.1080/13183222.2024.2383903 · Cited by 3
Carlson, M. (2023) · Journalism · doi:10.1177/14648849231207185 · Cited by 3
Brüggemann, M., & Meyer, H. (2022) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/5d4vq · Cited by 3
White racial identity, political attitudes, and selective exposure to information about racismPreprint
Takahashi, K., Jefferson, H., & Earl, A. N. (2023) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/s52bz · Cited by 3
Vilkins, S., Bruns, A., Svegaard, S. F. K., Choucair, T. D. S., & Esau, K. (2025) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119895534.ch2 · Cited by 3
Escarcena, I. L., Ortega‐Gunckel, C., & Gronemeyer, M. E. (2025) · Social Media + Society · doi:10.1177/20563051251329069 · Cited by 2
Esau, K., Bruns, A., Riedlinger, M. E., Vilkins, S., Vodden, L., & Myint, T. Z. (2025) · Media International Australia · doi:10.1177/1329878x251380961 · Cited by 2
Lolcows and the mediation of digital freakshows
Rauchberg, J. (2025) · European Journal of Cultural Studies · doi:10.1177/13675494251394108 · Cited by 3
Negotiating extremism: Thematic engagement capacity for red pill conversations on Reddit
Lapan, E., Ophir, Y., Wang, R., Semenov, A., Kountz, K., & Walter, D. (2025) · New Media & Society · doi:10.1177/14614448251400345 · Cited by 2
Political Polarization, Political Hate Speech and Social Media: The Experience of Spanish Teenagers
Paz-Rebollo, M. A., Feijoo, B., & Rivera-Guerrero, A. (2026) · Young · doi:10.1177/11033088251414549 · Cited by 2
Katzenbach, C., Kuznetsova, V., & Dubois, E. (2026) · Information Communication & Society · doi:10.1080/1369118x.2026.2686320 · Cited by 2
The Crisis of American Democracy in Historical Context
Lieberman, R. C., & Mettler, S. (2023) · The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science · doi:10.1177/00027162241228969 · Cited by 3
“Radicals” and “Racists”: Morality and Identity in U.S. Elite Political Communication
Eddy, K. A. (2024) · American Behavioral Scientist · doi:10.1177/00027642241242033 · Cited by 3
Bhatt, P., Shepherd, M. E., McKay, T., & Metzl, J. M. (2024) · Political Communication · doi:10.1080/10584609.2024.2393091 · Cited by 2
Leeds, T. (2024) · New Media & Society · doi:10.1177/14614448241294014 · Cited by 2
Fitzgerald, A. A. (2024) · Journal of Communication · doi:10.1093/joc/jqae052 · Cited by 2
Long, F., Ye, Z., & Luo, L. (2025) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2025.104732 · Cited by 2
Calvo, D., Iranzo-Cabrera, M., Morales-i-Gras, J., & Tarullo, R. (2025) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-025-04568-7 · Cited by 3
‘Seen one, seen ‘em all’: political outgroup homogeneity and negative affect
Grünewald, F. (2025) · West European Politics · doi:10.1080/01402382.2025.2489869 · Cited by 1
Long, F., Ye, Z., & Luo, L. (2025) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2025.104811 · Cited by 1
What Kind of Depolarization Should We Aim For? Making Communication Transformative
Brüggemann, M., van Eck, C. W., Gelovani, S., Meyer, H., Muddiman, A., Pröschel, L., & Weßler, H. (2026) · Political Communication · doi:10.1080/10584609.2026.2617224 · Cited by 1
Politics as a Social Compass: Political Versus Lifestyle Preferences in Social Interactions
Hrbková, L., & Voda, P. (2025) · International Journal of Public Opinion Research · doi:10.1093/ijpor/edag003 · Cited by 1
Winseck, D. R. (2026) · International Communication Gazette · doi:10.1177/17480485251405501 · Cited by 1
Hidalgo, O. F. (2026) · Social Sciences · doi:10.3390/socsci15030175 · Cited by 4
Platformed antagonism: Gendered discourses in Chinese social media’s fragmented public sphere
Li, S., Noordin, N. B., & Yang, T. (2026) · Asian journal of social science · doi:10.1016/j.ajss.2026.100254 · Cited by 1
Quintana, A., Guo, Z., Grinberg, N., & Lazer, D. M. J. (2026) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009695923 · Cited by 1
Logics, Functioning, and Evolution of the Web: From Networked Society to Platform Society
Lucchesi, D. (2026) · Postdisciplinary studies in discourse · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-21265-8_3 · Cited by 1
Müller, S., & Mutz, M. (2026) · Sport in Society · doi:10.1080/17430437.2026.2683536 · Cited by 1
Guo, Y., Peng, Y., & Tian, Y. (2026) · Public Opinion Quarterly · doi:10.1093/poq/nfag037 · Cited by 1
Inaccuracies, omissions, and bullshit: 2024 U.S. elections through the eyes of ChatGPT
Jang, H., McGregor, S. C., & Neill, L. (2026) · Information Communication & Society · doi:10.1080/1369118x.2026.2685121 · Cited by 1
Self-citationRasul, M. E., Hameiri, B., Hacohen, G., Malovicki-Yaffe, N., & Moore‐Berg, S. L. (2026) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.70172 · Cited by 2
Bias and Polarization in the Qatargate Scandal: A Social Media Perspective
Marchetti, R., Stanziano, A., Mincigrucci, R., & Pagiotti, S. (2024) · Social Media + Society · doi:10.1177/20563051241306323 · Cited by 1
Affective Representation: Social Media's Implications for Political Representation
Lappy, T. (2025) · Constellations · doi:10.1111/1467-8675.12772 · Cited by 2
Doing Qualitative Content Analysis on Social Media
Kligler-Vilenchik, N., & Literat, I. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197795156.005.0001 · Cited by 3
Xu, W. (2025) · doi:10.31235/osf.io/dkv8r_v1 · Cited by 1
Luzuriaga Uribe, E., & Baquerizo-Neira, G. (2025) · Perspectivas de la comunicación · doi:10.56754/0718-4867.2025.3765
Affektiv polarisering i Norden – en oversikt
Knudsen, E. S., Lindholm, J., Heiselberg, L., & Holmberg, N. (2023) · Tidsskrift for samfunnsforskning · doi:10.18261/tfs.64.3.7
A model that discusses human behavior entirelyPreprint
Cai, K., & Wang, L. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3410388/v1
Curated and Asymmetric Exposure: A Case Study of Partisan Talk during COVID on Twitter
An, Z., Breuhaus, J., Niu, J., Sarıyüce, A. E., & Joseph, K. (2024) · Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media · doi:10.1609/icwsm.v18i1.31298
Affective Polarisation Over Gender
Blasio, E. D., & Selva, D. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-60110-1_4
Polarizing reply patterns in comment sections of a large German news outletPreprint
Buder, J., & Anders, G. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-4773834/v1
Kreiss, D., McGregor, S. C., Tromble, R., & White, K. C. (2024) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197758526.003.0023
Self-citationPolitical Communication Research at a Time of Democratic Crises
Kreiss, D. (2024) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197758526.003.0015
Self-citationAnalyzing How Different Platforms Shape Political Expression
Kligler-Vilenchik, N., & Literat, I. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197795156.003.0002
Kligler-Vilenchik, N., & Literat, I. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197795156.002.0004
Kligler-Vilenchik, N., & Literat, I. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197795156.003.0006
And I’m Always Winning Like I’m Donald Trump”
Kligler-Vilenchik, N., & Literat, I. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197795156.003.0003
Young People, Politics, Social Media
Kligler-Vilenchik, N., & Literat, I. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197795156.003.0001 · Cited by 1
Kligler-Vilenchik, N., & Literat, I. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197795156.002.0005
Advance praise for Not Your Parents’ Politics
Kligler-Vilenchik, N., & Literat, I. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197795156.002.0007
“It’s Not You and Your Biodegradable Toothbrush against the World”
Kligler-Vilenchik, N., & Literat, I. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197795156.003.0005
“Happy Heavenly Birthday, Beautiful Queen”
Kligler-Vilenchik, N., & Literat, I. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197795156.003.0004
Metadata
- Authors
- Kreiss, D., & McGregor, S. C.
- Affiliations
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kreiss, Daniel
- Venue
- New Media & Society
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2023-04-11
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 556-579
- ISSN
- 1461-4448 (ISSN-L)
- 1461-7315
- OpenAlex
- W4365142069
- Cited by
- 151
- References
- 135
- Citations by year
- 2026: 52 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 50 · 2023: 16
- FWCI
- 70.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- New Media & Society (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Communication › Social Media and Politics
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Political Theory and Democracy
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Populism, Right-Wing Movements
- Keywords
- political polarization, social networking sites, inequality, democracy, political identity, social groups, power relations, Black Lives Matter, dominant groups
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review