Consumption and Theories of Practice

“Competences refer to the skills, knowledge, and capabilities needed to perform practices [52].”

“For consumption reoriented through practice theories, he asserts: ‘The analytic focus shifts from the insatiable wants of the human animal to the instituted conventions of collective culture’ (Warde, 2005: 146).”

“Here, it is important to acknowledge that we view the tenets of translation in practice-based terms (Reckwitz, 2002; Warde, 2005).”

“…that it is through these engagements with practices that individuals come to understand the world around them and develop a sense of self (Warde 2005), the focus is shifted from individual attitudes and behavior to highlight how practices are formed, reproduced, maintained, and…”

“1 Relevant literatures include social practice theory (Warde, 2005; Sahakian, 2019), consumption corridors (Di Giulio and Fuchs, 2014; Fuchs et al., 2021a), the externalization society (Lessenich, 2019); imperial modes of living (Brand and Wissen, 2021); sustainable/1.5◦ lifestyles (Lettenmeier,…”

“And though knowledge of performance may vary from evaluating the performance (Warde, 2005), both know-hows come together to form practices.”

“The notion of routinization is important to emphasize the fact that most “choices” we make in everyday life are not consciously considered but taken for granted (Reckwitz 2002a; Warde 2005; Gram-Hanssen 2008; Spaargaren, Weenink, and Lamers 2016).”

“Time is central to practice theoretical accounts of consumption where consumption is understood as an outcome of people’s participation in the repetitive and routinized performance of social practices (Warde 2005).”

“A practice theoretical approach aims to create knowledge about the world through capturing and interpreting the practices and actions of the world’s inhabitants, and by taking into consideration the context in which these actions and practices take place (Reckwitz 2002; Warde 2005).”

“Practically speaking, all social practices, classified as either production or consumption, entail the use of resources (Røpke 2009; Warde 2005).”

“…research has shown that some people see holidaymaking at home and vacation trips as at least partly similar (Blichfeldt, 2008); several long-established holiday customs such as sleeping, relaxation, walks, togetherness and meals require minimal conscious awareness and reflection (Warde, 2005).”

“Even though we do not study the food waste-related (consumption) practices directly, practice theory provides for us an ontological worldview where the social world is seen to consist of practices and hence, social change can happen only through a change in practices (Schatzki, 2016; Warde, 2005).”

“For practices to exist, they must be performed over and over again, and changes in performances change practices (Shove, Pantzar, and Watson 2012; Warde 2005).”

“These theories argue that organization of practices (understandings, procedures and engagements) rather than individuals are the focus of analysis (Shove, 2010; Spaargaren, 2013; Warde, 2005; Warde et al., 2017; Welch & Warde, 2015).”

“One element constituting a practice is referred to as practical understanding [23], understandings [20] or merely competence [19].”

“In sum, we see qinjian jieyue to be not simply a public/political promotion, but also an actual social practice in everyday which is routinized, collective and emotionally conducted (Warde, 2005; 2014).”

“Social practice theory assumes that eating is a composite practice embedded in everyday life (Warde, 2005; , 2016), and that changes in dietary patterns happen gradually and in a piecemeal fashion (e.g. Delormier et al., 2009).”

“Often, engaging in a practice rather than a cognitive decision is what shapes behavior, not the other way around [20,23].”

“Practice theory (Shove, 2014; Shove and Walker, 2010; Warde, 2005) provides new approaches to interpret innovation (Fuglsang, 2018; Pantzar and Shove, 2010) and value creation, especially in experience- and service-oriented sectors characterised by employee-user interactions and co-creation and…”

“Consumer education, focusing on changing attitudes and believes, will not be enough to support more sustainable consumer behavior, as our patterns of consumption are embedded within social practices (Hargreaves, 2011; Warde, 2005).”

“In an attempt to overcome the limits of both behavioural theory and systemic perspectives, a wave of practice-oriented social theories has emerged over the last two decades (Reckwitz 2002; Schatzki, Knorr-Cetina, and Savigny 2001; Warde 2005; Shove, Pantzar, and Watson 2012; Schatzki 2002).”

“…social practices requires certain skills, the appropriation of particular purposes and values, or the display of emotions which are mainly attributed to the social practice itself and not to the individual carrier and his or her personal attributes (Reckwitz, 2002; Warde, 2005; Shove et al., 2012).”

“A more recent, second wave of practice-inspired theorists set about testing these theoretical foundations and extending its conceptual and empirical range (Reckwitz, 2002; Schatzki, 1996, 2001, 2012; Shove et al., 2012; Warde, 2005).”

“Routine service exchanges are predominantly associated with the concept of practice (i.e., a routinized way in which actors engage with life activities; Warde, 2005), whereby actors repeatedly engage with the exchange to achieve their everyday (repeated) goals.”

“The year 1999 was chosen as the starting date for the review, since the broader use of practice theory in management, markets-aspractice, and consumer research began in the early 2000s (see, e.g., Johnsson et al., 2003; Kjellberg and Helgesson, 2006; Warde, 2005).”

“From a practice-oriented perspective, water demand is an outcome of the use and appropriation of materials or resources in the enactment of certain practices (Browne, 2015; Warde, 2005).”

“[51] As stressed by Shove [55], ‘what matters is the relation between (more or less efficient) technologies, systems and appliances and co-evolution of routines, habits and practices.”

“Recent research on consumption, inspired by theories of practices, highlights that most practices involve consumption at some point, hence consumption is a step in the process of many practices rather than a practice in itself (Warde, 2005).”

“In sum, practice theory attaches less importance to cognizant, individual choice and self-representation, instead highlighting affects, routines and situational conduct (Schatzki, 2000; Warde, 2005).”

“Cooper, Green, Burningham, Evans, & Jackson, 2012; Evans & Jackson, 2007; White & Stirling, 2013) and “social practices” (e.g. Darnton, Verplanken, White, & Whitmarsh, 2011; Shove, 2010; Spurling et al., 2013; Warde, 2005) attempts to provide a”

“In the field of leisure studies, this finding chimes with a specific aspect of the Disneyization thesis, proposed by Alan Bryman (2004).”

“Second, most of consumption choices do not elicit a conscious deliberation; in daily social life, the explicit weighing of existing options is the exception rather than the rule (Warde, 2005).”

“In 2005 Warde paved the way for the connection of theory of social practices and research on consumption [50].”

“Practices are dependent upon the institutional arrangements, household context, economic influences and cultural traditions of the environment that the practice exists in [49].”

“This is variously described by practice theorists as practical knowledge (Bourdieu, 1977, 1984), practical consciousness (Giddens, 1984) and practical understandings (Schatzki, 1996) and, more recently, as understandings (Warde, 2005) and competences (Shove et al., 2012).”

“SPT understands social practices as “the nexus of doings and sayings bound by collective understandings, procedures and engagements based on habits and routines” (Castelo et al. 2021: 2; Schatzki 2002; Southerton et al. 2012; Warde 2005).”

“Practice theory is the field of research most concerned with the analysis of the collective embeddedness of consumption practices (Warde, 2005).”

“…theories and transition studies Several scholars have called for combining SPTs with other conceptual perspectives and this integration has in particular been pursued by researchers working in the field of sustainable consumption (Spaargaren 2003; Spaargaren, Martens, and Beckers 2006; Warde 2005).”

“This paper engages with this problematic by taking stock of recent developments in consumption scholarship – theories of practice (following Warde, 2005) and consumer involvement in qualification processes (Cochoy, 2008) – suggesting that they are conceptually compatible with convention theory and…”

“Understandings are both practical knowledge and general perceptions of what to say and do, procedures are both written and verbal rules and instructions of how-to-do, while engagements are prescribed and acceptable ends and purposes of a given practice (Halkier 2010; Schatzki 2019; Warde 2005).”

“Although the two are intertwined, the practice-as-entity sees practices as distinguishable concepts (e.g. eating, driving, reading), and practice-as-performance describes the conduct or performance of practice in a precise moment in time (Shove and Pantzar, 2007; Shove et al., 2012; Warde, 2005).”

“Focusing too directly on consumption can obscure the way that it is simply part of everyday life – the tacit, unremarkable and routine ways in which activity is understood by its practitioners and treated and governed by society (Warde, 2005; Røpke, 2009; Spaargaren, 2011).”

“The inconsistency between growing climate concern and demand for air travel has led researchers to consider air travel in terms of social practices, that is, consumption as reflective of societal structures within which individuals operate (Warde, 2005).”

“The exercise of power, for instance, should be visible in the ways consumption practices are stabilized (or destabilized) and accumulate into new patterned social phenomena (see for instance Shove et al., 2012; Warde, 2005).”

“Recommerce practice is not an occasional practice, but rather day-to-day for users, which relates to the study of Warde [58] regarding the everyday practice of a particular social behavior.”

“Many scholars have contributed to the development of practice theories, including philosophers such as Heidegger and Wittgenstein, and sociologists such as Giddens (1976), Bourdieu (1976), Reckwitz (2002), Schatzki (1997), Warde (2005), and Shove et al. (2012).”

“Here, we employ the term consumption to denote two key dimensions, purchase and use, thereby highlighting both its exchange and utilitarian facets (Warde 2005).”

“Cooper, Green, Burningham, Evans, & Jackson, 2012; Evans & Jackson, 2007; White & Stirling, 2013) and ‘sustainable social practices’ (e.g. Darnton, Verplanken, White, & Whitmarsh, 2011; Shove, 2010; Spurling, McMeekin, Shove, Southerton, & Welch, 2013; Warde, 2005) has been more social in orientation.”

“Theories of social practices (e.g. Reckwitz 2002; Shove, Pantzar, and Watson 2012; Warde 2005, 2014) contribute to understanding the routines of everyday life, such as cooking or grocery shopping.”

“More generally, consumption has been argued to best be understood as moments in practices that are guided by other meanings and ends [24].”

“…in the sociology of consumption and have redefined how consumption is approached, shifting the focus away from the conspicuous, spectacular, and purely cultural towards the inconspicuous, mundane, practical, and material aspects of consumption (Shove, Pantzar, and Watson 2012; Warde 2005, 2014).”