GIM, Simulation Software of Meal Glucose–Insulin Model
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: A simulation model of the glucose-insulin system in normal life conditions can be very useful in diabetes research, e.g., testing insulin infusion algorithms and decision support systems and assessing glucose sensor performance and patient and student training. A new meal simulation model has been proposed that incorporates state-of-the-art quantitative knowledge on glucose metabolism and its control by insulin at both organ/tissue and whole-body levels. This article presents the interactive simulation software GIM (glucose insulin model), which implements this model. METHODS: The model is implemented in MATLAB, version 7.0.1, and is designed with a windows interface that allows the user to easily simulate a 24-hour daily life of a normal, type 2, or type 1 diabetic subject. A Simulink version is also available. Three meals a day are considered. Both open- and closed-loop controls are available for simulating a type 1 diabetic subject. RESULTS: Software options are described in detail. Case studies are presented to illustrate the potential of the software, e.g., compare a normal subject vs an insulin-resistant subject or open-loop vs closed-loop insulin infusion in type 1 diabetes treatment. CONCLUSIONS: User-friendly software that implements a state-of-the-art physiological model of the glucose-insulin system during a meal has been presented. The GIM graphical interface makes its use extremely easy for investigators without specific expertise in modeling.
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The tracer-based maximal metabolic models enabled the computer simulation of the human metabolic system.
“The tracer-based”
From Developing the UVA/Padova Type 1 Diabetes Simulator: Modeling, Validation, Refinements, and Utility (2023) · cites this paper as [65]
The Introduction (page not indicated) says the meal model uses measurements of glucose and insulin fluxes, and the Background says GIM simulates the glucose–insulin system. Our copy does not describe the model as tracer-based or maximal, or claim that it simulates the human metabolic system as a whole. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe Hovorka model and the UVAPadova Simulator describe only the glucose metabolism of a subject with type 1 diabetes.
“While the Hovorka model and the UVAPadova Simulator only describe the glucose metabolism of a subject with type 1 diabetes, the Sorensen model was formulated to simulate the behaviour of both normal and diabetic individuals.”
From A comparison among three maximal mathematical models of the glucose-insulin system (2021) · cites this paper as [25]
The References list a Hovorka study of glucose control in subjects with type 1 diabetes, but that does not establish that the Hovorka model describes only type 1 diabetes. The paper does not identify a UVAPadova Simulator or establish the same restriction for it. Its Introduction and Methods instead say that the software presented here, GIM, simulates normal, type 2 diabetic, and type 1 diabetic subjects. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe formulation adopted in the UVAPadova model is marginally more complicated: if the parameter ka1 is set to zero and the parameter ka2 is set to the same value as the parameter kd, then the two formulations are equivalent.
“The formulation adopted in the UVAPadova model is marginally more complicated: if the parameter ka1 is set to zero and the parameter ka2 is set to same value as the parameter kd, then the two formulations are equivalent.”
From A comparison among three maximal mathematical models of the glucose-insulin system (2021) · cites this paper as [25]
The Introduction (page not available) describes a subcutaneous-insulin formulation using kd, ka1, and ka2. It does not compare that formulation with another model or state that setting ka1 to zero and ka2 equal to kd makes the two equivalent. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe parameters of the Hovorka and UVA/Padova models are indicated for a diabetic individual.
“The parameters of the Hovorka and UVA/Padova models are instead indicated for a diabetic individual, but the more compact formulation of the Hovorka model requires fewer modifications to obtain a good fit.”
From A comparison among three maximal mathematical models of the glucose-insulin system (2021) · cites this paper as [25]
The Introduction (pp. 323–330; page not specified in our copy) describes GIM settings for simulating type 1 and type 2 diabetic subjects, which supports the diabetic-simulation aspect of the claim. It does not identify GIM as the UVA/Padova model or describe parameters of the Hovorka model; Hovorka appears only in the references. Nor does it compare how many modifications the models require. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredModel 1 follows the structure of the previously developed subcutaneous insulin delivery model.
“Model 1, the simplest linear model representation with a pool compartment (compartment 2), follows the structure of the previously developed SC insulin delivery model.18,19”
From Pharmacokinetics Modeling of Exogenous Glucagon in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Patients (2013) · cites this paper as [19]
The Hovorka model and the UVAPadova model were originally formulated to represent the physiological behaviour of T1DM individuals, and no modification is necessary for the purpose of the present work.
“On the contrary, the Hovorka model and the UVAPadova model were originally formulated to represent the physiological behaviour of T1DM individuals, and no modification is necessary for the purpose of the present work.”
From A comparison among three maximal mathematical models of the glucose-insulin system (2021) · cites this paper as [25]
The Introduction’s “Type 1 Diabetes” section describes modifications to GIM for simulating type 1 diabetes, not the original formulation of the Hovorka or UVAPadova models. The References list a Hovorka study, but our copy does not discuss whether either model needs modification for the citing authors’ work (searched: both model names, original formulation, and modifications). (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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Cites
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<i>In Silico</i> Preclinical Trials: A Proof of Concept in Closed-Loop Control of Type 1 Diabetes
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“ment model approximating nonmonomeric and monomeric insulin fractions in the subcutaneous space [285], which can serve as a base for the translation of the insulin signal from the pump”
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- Authors
- Dalla Man, C., Raimondo, D. M., Rizza, R. A., & Cobelli, C.
- Affiliations
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
- University of Pavia (IT)
- Mayo Clinic (US)
- University of Padua (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Cobelli, Claudio
- Venue
- Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2007-05
- Volume
- 1
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 323-330
- ISSN
- 1932-2968 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2769591
- OpenAlex
- W2114131699
- Cited by
- 253
- References
- 21
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 24 · 2013: 24 · 2012: 19
- Type
- conference abstract
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ArTS Archivio della ricerca di Trieste (University of Trieste https://www.units.it/) (submittedVersion)
- Padua Research Archive (University of Padova) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Virginia
- National Institutes of Health
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Pancreatic function and diabetes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
- Keywords
- glucose-insulin model, type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, glucose metabolism, insulin resistance, diabetes education
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