Device and method for noninvasive glucose assessment
Open accessAbstract
Background: Intensive monitoring of blood glucose levels is crucial in diabetes management. This article presents a new device, the TensorTip Combo Glucometer (CoG), developed by Cnoga Medical Ltd, which enables to predict capillary tissue glucose concentration noninvasively. Methods: Noninvasive glucose readings usually provide irregular or disordered mathematical manifold over the measurement space. To establish a transfer function, which correctly correlates the noninvasive raw data and the actual invasive glucose level, we suggest a mathematical concept that employs a personal calibration procedure to associate glucose pattern and multiple optical signals derived from tissue response to light emission in the range of visible to IR. The traversed light is detected by a color image sensor to predict the tissue glucose concentration at the fingertip. This article presents the mathematical concept underlying the technology and the requirements for device operation. Results: The device was clinically evaluated and compared to standard invasive blood glucose monitoring devices in few medical centers and by home users. Based on consensus error grid analysis, more than 98% of the measurements of each study were in zones A (more than 81%) and B (more than 11%). Postmarketing evaluations showed high correlations comparing the CoG to other invasive reference devices. Conclusions: The CoG device employs a unique mathematical approach to predict glucose concentrations based on multiple optical signals. The first clinical results indicate that the device may show appropriate agreement with reference methods to be used for pain-free glucose assessment in daily routine.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
(1993) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199309303291401 · Cited by 24,667 · see citing works
10-year follow-up of intensive glucose control in type 2 diabetes
Holman, R. R., Paul, S. K., Bethel, M. A., Matthews, D. R., & Neil, H. A. W. (2008) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa0806470 · Cited by 7,751 · see citing works
IDF Diabetes Atlas: Global estimates for the prevalence of diabetes for 2015 and 2040
Ogurtsova, K., Fernandes, J. D. D. R., Huang, Y., Linnenkamp, U., Guariguata, L., Cho, N. H., Cavan, D. A., Shaw, J. E., & Makaroff, L. (2017) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2017.03.024 · Cited by 6,977 · see citing works
Continuous Glucose Monitoring: A Review of Successes, Challenges, and Opportunities
Rodbard, D. (2016) · Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1089/dia.2015.0417 · Cited by 743 · see citing works
Parkes, J. L., Slatin, S. L., Pardo, S., & Ginsberg, B. H. (2000) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.23.8.1143 · Cited by 620 · see citing works
Non-invasive glucose monitoring technology in diabetes management: A review
Vashist, S. K. (2012) · Analytica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.aca.2012.03.043 · Cited by 575 · see citing works
Pulse oximetry: Principles and limitations
Sinex, J. E. (1999) · The American Journal of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0735-6757(99)90019-0 · Cited by 482 · see citing works
Pulse Oximetry: Theory and Applications for Noninvasive Monitoring
Mendelson, Y. (1992) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1093/clinchem/38.9.1601 · Cited by 320 · see citing works
Continuous glucose monitoring: A review of the technology and clinical use
Klonoff, D. C., Ahn, D., & Drincic, A. (2017) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2017.08.005 · Cited by 320 · see citing works
Technologies for Continuous Glucose Monitoring: Current Problems and Future Promises
Vaddiraju, S., Burgess, D. J., Tomazos, I., Jain, F. C., & Papadimitrakopoulos, F. (2010) · Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology · doi:10.1177/193229681000400632 · Cited by 285 · see citing works
How to prevent the microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes beyond glucose control
Valencia, W. M., & Florez, H. J. (2017) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.i6505 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
Recent advances in noninvasive glucose monitoring
Chung, J. W. Y., So, H., Choi, K., & Wong, T. K. S. (2012) · Medical Devices Evidence and Research · doi:10.2147/mder.s28134 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Kelleher, J. F. (1989) · The Journal of Clinical Monitoring · doi:10.1007/bf01618369 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Delays in Minimally Invasive Continuous Glucose Monitoring Devices: A Review of Current Technology
Keenan, D. B., Mastrototaro, J. J., Voskanyan, G., & Steil, G. M. (2009) · Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology · doi:10.1177/193229680900300528 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
In Vivo Blood Glucose Quantification Using Raman Spectroscopy
Shao, J., Lin, M., Li, Y.-Q., Li, X., Liu, J., Liang, J., & Yao, H. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0048127 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Optical Based Noninvasive Glucose Monitoring Sensor Prototype
Haxha, S., & Jhoja, J. (2016) · IEEE photonics journal · doi:10.1109/jphot.2016.2616491 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Technical Aspects of the Parkes Error Grid
Pfützner, A., Klonoff, D. C., Pardo, S., & Parkes, J. L. (2013) · Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology · doi:10.1177/193229681300700517 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Overview on self-monitoring of blood glucose
Montagnana, M., Caputo, M., Giavarina, D., & Lippi, G. (2009) · Clinica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.cca.2009.01.002 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Girardin, C. M., Huot, C., Gonthier, M., & DELVIN, E. E. (2008) · Clinical Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2008.09.112 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Requirements for Calibration in Noninvasive Glucose Monitoring by Raman Spectroscopy
Lipson, J., Bernhardt, J., Block, U. L., Freeman, W. R., Hofmeister, R. T., Hristakeva, M., Lenosky, T. J., McNamara, R., Petrasek, D., Veltkamp, D. J., et al. (2009) · Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology · doi:10.1177/193229680900300203 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Qu, J. Y., & Wilson, B. C. (1997) · Journal of Biomedical Optics · doi:10.1117/12.275453 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Evaluation of a new noninvasive glucose monitoring device by means of standardized meal experiments
Pfützner, A., Strobl, S., Demircik, F., Redert, L., Pfützner, J., Pfützner, A. H., & Lier, A. (2018) · Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology · doi:10.1177/1932296818758769 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Sodickson, L., & Block, M. J. (1994) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1093/clinchem/40.9.1838 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Yamakoshi, Y., Matsumura, K., Yamakoshi, T., Lee, J., Rolfe, P. J., Kato, Y., Shimizu, K., & Yamakoshi, K.-I. (2017) · Journal of Biomedical Optics · doi:10.1117/1.jbo.22.6.067001 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Yamakoshi, T., Lee, J., Matsumura, K., Yamakoshi, Y., Rolfe, P. J., Kiyohara, D., & Yamakoshi, K.-I. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0143506 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
New Method for Computing Optical Hemodynamic Blood Pressure
Segman, Y. J. (2016) · Journal of Clinical & Experimental Cardiology · doi:10.4172/2155-9880.1000492 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationOximeter Behavior While Using a Tourniquet
Segman, Y. J., & Trahtemberg, U. (2016) · Journal of Clinical & Experimental Cardiology · doi:10.4172/2155-9880.1000480 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationIn vitro Kromoscopic analysis of glucose in blood
Amerov, A. K., & Arnold, M. A. (2003) · Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE · doi:10.1117/12.479255 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Case Study for Two Noninvasive Devices Measuring Hemoglobin
Feng, Y.-N., Wang, D., & Yu, Y. (2017) · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Gonzales, W. V., Mobashsher, A. T., & Abbosh, A. M. (2019) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s19040800 · Cited by 788 · see citing works
Sacks, D. B., Arnold, M., Bakris, G. L., Bruns, D. E., Horvath, A. R., Lernmark, Å., Metzger, B. E., Nathan, D. M., & Kirkman, M. S. (2023) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dci23-0036 · Cited by 351 · see citing works
Omer, A. E., Shaker, G. S. A., Safavi‐Naeini, S., Kokabi, H., Alquié, G., Deshours, F., & Shubair, R. M. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-72114-3 · Cited by 289 · see citing works
Review of Non-Invasive Glucose Sensing Techniques: Optical, Electrical and Breath Acetone
Shokrekhodaei, M., & Quinones, S. (2020) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s20051251 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Sacks, D. B., Arnold, M. A., Bakris, G. L., Bruns, D. E., Horvath, A. R., Lernmark, Å., Metzger, B. E., Nathan, D. M., & Kirkman, M. S. (2023) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1093/clinchem/hvad080 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Dixit, K., Fardindoost, S., Ravishankara, A., Tasnim, N., & Hoorfar, M. (2021) · Biosensors · doi:10.3390/bios11120476 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
A Review of Non-Invasive Optical Systems for Continuous Blood Glucose Monitoring
Alsunaidi, B., Althobaiti, M., Tamal, M., Albaker, W. I., & Al-Naib, I. A. I. (2021) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s21206820 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Delbeck, S., Vahlsing, T., Leonhardt, S. K., Steiner, G. R., & Heise, H. M. (2018) · Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry · doi:10.1007/s00216-018-1395-x · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Review of present method of glucose from human blood and body fluids assessment
Fiedorova, K., Augustýnek, M., Kubíček, J., Kudrna, P., & Bibbo, D. (2022) · Biosensors and Bioelectronics · doi:10.1016/j.bios.2022.114348 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Yu, Y., Huang, J., Zhu, J., & Liang, S. (2020) · IEEE Sensors Journal · doi:10.1109/jsen.2020.3025826 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
An IoT-Based Non-Invasive Glucose Level Monitoring System Using Raspberry Pi
Alarcón-Paredes, A., Francisco-García, V., Guzmán‐Guzmán, I. P., Cantillo-Negrete, J., Valencia, R. E. C., & Alonso-Silverio, G. A. (2019) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app9153046 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Li, J., Ma, J., Omisore, O. M., Liu, Y., Tang, H., Ao, P., Yan, Y., Wang, L., & Nie, Z. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems · doi:10.1109/tnnls.2023.3279383 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Low dimensional materials for glucose sensing
Xu, L., Zhang, X., Wang, Z., Haidry, A. A., Yao, Z., Haque, E., Wang, Y., Li, G., Daeneke, T., McConville, C. F., et al. (2021) · Nanoscale · doi:10.1039/d1nr02529e · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Todaro, B., Begarani, F., Sartori, F., & Luin, S. (2022) · Frontiers in Chemistry · doi:10.3389/fchem.2022.994272 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Patent analysis of digital sensors for continuous glucose monitoring
Litvinova, O., Eitenberger, M., Bilir, A., Yeung, A. W. K., Parvanov, E. D., MohanaSundaram, A., Horbańczuk, J. O., Atanasov, A. G., & Willschke, H. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1205903 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Evaluation of a new noninvasive glucose monitoring device by means of standardized meal experiments
Pfützner, A., Strobl, S., Demircik, F., Redert, L., Pfützner, J., Pfützner, A. H., & Lier, A. (2018) · Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology · doi:10.1177/1932296818758769 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Sun, Y., Cano-Garcia, H., Kallos, E., O’Brien, F., Akintonde, A., Motei, D. E., Ancu, O., Mackenzie, R., & Kosmas, P. (2023) · IEEE Sensors Journal · doi:10.1109/jsen.2023.3293248 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
AI-Based Noninvasive Blood Glucose Monitoring: Scoping Review
Chan, P. Z., Jin, E., Jansson, M. M., & Chew, H. S. J. (2024) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/58892 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Vahlsing, T., Delbeck, S., Leonhardt, S., & Heise, H. M. (2018) · Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology · doi:10.1177/1932296818798347 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Noninvasive Glucose Sensing In Vivo
Leung, H. M. C., Forlenza, G. P., Prioleau, T., & Zhou, X. (2023) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s23167057 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Anand, P. K., Shin, D. R., & Memon, M. L. (2020) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics10050285 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
On the use of fiber lasers in non-invasive blood glucose monitoring
Peng, X., Yan, Y., & Liu, H. (2022) · Optical Fiber Technology · doi:10.1016/j.yofte.2022.102822 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Li, T., Wang, Q., An, Y., Guo, L. J., Ren, L., Lei, L., & Chen, X. (2025) · Biomedical Signal Processing and Control · doi:10.1016/j.bspc.2025.107750 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Non-invasive glucometer monitoring system through optical based near-infrared sensor method
Vanaja, S., Ravi Babu, T., Malathi, M., Saxena, K. K., Sheela, J. J. J., Suruthi, S., Sakthi Soubarnika, B., Nagaprasad, N., Ramaswamy, K., Bandhu, D., et al. (2024) · Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering Imaging & Visualization · doi:10.1080/21681163.2024.2327423 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
System Accuracy Assessment of a Combined Invasive and Noninvasive Glucometer
Pfützner, A., Demircik, F., Pfützner, J. W., Kessler, K., Strobl, S., Spatz, J., Pfützner, A. H., & Lier, A. (2019) · Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology · doi:10.1177/1932296819883306 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Blood glucose monitoring techniques: recent advances, challenges and future perspectives
Gamessa, T. W., Suman, D., & Tadesse, Z. K. (2018) · International Journal of Advanced Technology and Engineering Exploration · doi:10.19101/ijatee.2018.546008 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Study of a noninvasive blood glucose detection model using the near-infrared light based on SA-NARX
Cheng, J., Ji, Z., Li, M., & Dai, J. (2019) · Biomedical Signal Processing and Control · doi:10.1016/j.bspc.2019.101694 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Kumari, R., Anand, P. K., & Shin, J. (2023) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics13152514 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Toward Non-Invasive Estimation of Blood Glucose Concentration: A Comparative Performance
Alonso-Silverio, G. A., Francisco-García, V., Guzmán‐Guzmán, I. P., Ventura-Molina, E., & Alarcón-Paredes, A. (2021) · Mathematics · doi:10.3390/math9202529 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
A Review of Minimally and Non-invasive Glucose Monitoring Techniques, Devices and Sensors
Nooshnab, M., Naghib, S. M., Rahmanifard, R., & Khakpour, E. (2024) · Current Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.2174/0115734110290007240202154817 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Advancement and Challenges for Non-invasive Monitoring of Blood Glucose: A Review
Guin, S., & Chattopadhyay, M. (2021) · Lecture notes in bioengineering · doi:10.1007/978-981-33-6915-3_11 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Gunawan, R., Andang, A., & Ridwan, M. (2023) · Journal of biomimetics, biomaterials and biomedical engineering · doi:10.4028/p-op1nzx · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Francisco-García, V., Guzmán‐Guzmán, I. P., Salgado-Rivera, R., Alonso-Silverio, G. A., & Alarcón-Paredes, A. (2019) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-21077-9_19 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Zongpa, T. C., Chandrasekaran, B., & Arumugam, A. (2020) · Muscles Ligaments and Tendons Journal · doi:10.32098/mltj.04.2020.19 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Human body model with blood flow properties for non-invasive blood glucose measurement
Mhatre, P. J., & Joshi, M. (2021) · Biomedical Signal Processing and Control · doi:10.1016/j.bspc.2021.103271 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Chen, Y., Li, C., Gao, B., Xu, H., & Yu, W. (2025) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app15105652 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Glucose Monitoring Techniques and Their Calibration
Yadav, D., Singh, S. P., & Dubey, P. K. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-19-1550-5_99-1 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Sun, Y., & Kosmas, P. (2025) · IEEE Sensors Journal · doi:10.1109/jsen.2025.3542385 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Near-infrared spectroscopy for medical, food and forage applications
Heise, H. M., & Schulenburg, R. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-91249-5.00016-8 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Blood glucose monitoring: the capabilities of modern glucometers.
Evercare.ru, Зеленский, М. М., Moscow, R., & Gritskevich, Е. Y. (2022) · Russian Journal of Telemedicine and E-Health · doi:10.29188/2712-9217-2022-8-3-28-44 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Improving Sensitivity of Noninvasive Blood Glucose Microwave Sensor Via Substrate SelectionPreprint
Zakaria, A. A., Allam, A., Asano, T., & Abdel-Rahman, A. B. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3824834/v1 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Mukhtar, H., Zaelani, M. M., Nasrullah, M. R., & Susanti, H. (2025) · Engineering Science Letter · doi:10.56741/iistr.esl.001218 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Rajgopal, B. (2026) · Electroanalysis · doi:10.1002/elan.70167 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Servaas, S., de Vreede, S., Smeets, R. L., Stroobants, A. K., van Eijk, L. T., Malagon, I. L., & Slagt, C. (2023) · Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM) · doi:10.1515/cclm-2023-0113 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Low cost spatially resolved diffuse reflectance spectrometry in the SWIR range
Riehm, O., André, L., Silva, A. D., & Koenig, A. (2021) · Diffuse Optical Spectroscopy and Imaging · doi:10.1117/12.2615419 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
New Paradigm of Personalized Glycemic Control Using Glucose Temporal Density Histograms
Trahtemberg, U., Hallas, T., Segman, Y., Sheiman, E., Shasha, M., Nissim, K., & Segman, Y. J. (2019) · Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology · doi:10.1177/1932296818821423 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationDiffuse Imaging Approach for Universal Noninvasive Blood Glucose Measurements
Liu, M., Xu, G., Zhao, Y., Kong, L., Dong, L., Li, F., & Hui, M. (2022) · Frontiers in Physics · doi:10.3389/fphy.2022.853266 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Glucose Monitoring Techniques and Their Calibration
Yadav, D., Singh, S. P., & Dubey, P. K. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-99-2074-7_99 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Metamaterial based Printed Circuit Antenna for Blood Glucose Level Sensing ApplicationsPreprint
Ali, D., Elwi, T. A., & Özbay, S. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-578165/v1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Marvel, F. A., Huynh, P. P., & Martin, S. S. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-75055-8_5
Non-Invasive Sensor for Hyperglycemia Detection and Monitoring
Patel, S., Singh, A., Mandal, B., Augustine, R., Gupta, R., Kumar, V., Mitra, D., & Koley, C. (2024) · IEEE Microwaves, Antennas, and Propagation Conference (MAPCON) · doi:10.1109/mapcon61407.2024.10923498
Development of a Low-Cost Integrated Non-Invasive Glucose-Hemoglobin Meter
Akpan, V. A., & Abodunrin, B. A. (2025) · Journal Electrical and Computer Experiences · doi:10.59535/jece.v3i1.522
Bae, T.-W., Kim, B. I., Kwon, K.-K., & Kim, K. (2025) · Biosensors · doi:10.3390/bios15110711
Basheer, H. S., & Al-Sharqi, A. A. (2026) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.173871.1
Feng, X., Zhang, Y., Zhang, L., Shen, Y., 张先彪, Xu, Y., Wang, L., Tao, B., Chen, Y., Shi, J., et al. (2026) · Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology · doi:10.1177/19322968261464571
- Authors
- Segman, Y. (.
- Affiliations
- CNOGA Medical Ltd. (Israel) (IL)
- Corresponding author
- Segman, Yosef (Joseph)
- Venue
- Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2018-03-24
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1159-1168
- ISSN
- 1932-2968 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6232732
- OpenAlex
- W2789521249
- Cited by
- 55
- References
- 29
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 4
- FWCI
- 4.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- BIRD Foundation
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Optical Imaging and Spectroscopy Techniques
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring
- Keywords
- non-invasive glucose measurement, capillary blood glucose, diabetes management, color image sensor
- MeSH terms
- Preliminary Data, Adult, Aged, Blood Glucose, Calibration, Capillaries, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Equipment Design, Female, Humans, Infrared Rays, Male, Middle Aged, Models, Theoretical, Product Surveillance, Postmarketing, Spectrophotometry, Infrared, Spectrum Analysis, Raman, Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring, Reproducibility of Results, Biosensing Techniques
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review