Effect of detergent type on the performance of liver decellularized extracellular matrix-based bio-inks
Open accessAbstract
Decellularized extracellular matrix-based bio-inks (dECM bio-inks) for bioprinting technology have recently gained attention owing to their excellent ability to confer tissue-specific functions and 3D-printing capability. Although decellularization has led to a major advancement in bio-ink development, the effects of detergent type, the most important factor in decellularization, are still unclear. In this study, the effects of various detergent types on bio-ink performance were investigated. Porcine liver-derived dECM bio-inks prepared using widely used detergents, including sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), sodium deoxycholate (SDC), Triton X-100 (TX), and TX with ammonium hydroxide (TXA), were characterized in detail. SDS and SDC severely damaged glycosaminoglycan and elastin proteins, TX showed the lowest rate of decellularization, and TXA-based dECM bio-ink possessed the highest ECM content among all bio-inks. Differences in biochemical composition directly affected bio-ink performance, with TXA-dECM bio-ink showing the best performance with respect to gelation kinetics, intermolecular bonding, mechanical properties, and 2D/3D printability. More importantly, cytocompatibility tests using primary mouse hepatocytes also showed that the TXA-dECM bio-ink improved albumin secretion and cytochrome P450 activity by approximately 2.12- and 1.67-fold, respectively, compared with the observed values for other bio-inks. Our results indicate that the detergent type has a great influence on dECM damage and that the higher the dECM content, the better the performance of the bio-ink for 3D bioprinting.
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Harsh ionic detergents such as SDS are very effective at clearing cellular and nuclear matter but disrupt ECM architecture and reduce vital components such as GAGs and growth factors.
“Harsh ionic detergents such as SDS are very effective at clearing away cellular and nuclear matter but are globally documented as disrupting the architecture of the ECM and reducing vital components such as GAGs and growth factors [75,76].”
From From scaffold to function: A systematic review on dLECM-based hydrogels for liver tissue engineering — Fabrication, properties, and translational applications (2026) · cites this paper as [75]
The Results (Characterization of liver dECMs; page not provided) show that SDS removed DNA rapidly and that the SDS and SDC groups lost substantial GAG and elastin content. The Discussion says these ionic detergents severely damaged the ECM. Our copy does not establish that SDS reduces growth factors, so that part of the claim is unsupported. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredDetergent selection constitutes a stubborn trade-off between efficiency of decellularization and preservation of ECM.
“Detergent selection, for example, constitutes a stubborn trade-off between the efficiency of decellularization and preservation of the ECM(75).”
From From scaffold to function: A systematic review on dLECM-based hydrogels for liver tissue engineering — Fabrication, properties, and translational applications (2026) · cites this paper as [75]
The Discussion reports that SDS and SDC decellularized rapidly but severely damaged the ECM, while TX decellularized poorly, supporting a trade-off for those detergents. But it also reports that TXA achieved rapid decellularization with high ECM retention, so calling the trade-off “stubborn” overstates the finding. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredProlonged exposure to alkaline conditions can degrade growth factors, collagen, and GAGs, potentially triggering immune responses and fibrosis.
“Prolonged exposure to alkaline conditions can also degrade growth factors, collagen, and GAGs, potentially triggering immune responses and fibrosis.”
From Bioactive scaffolds for tissue engineering: A review of decellularized extracellular matrix applications and innovations (2025) · cites this paper as [77]
The Discussion (page unavailable) says GAGs can be damaged depending on detergent type, but reports that the ammonia-containing TXA treatment retained ECM proteins and that collagen was largely retained across groups. Our copy does not address whether prolonged alkaline exposure degrades growth factors, collagen, and GAGs or triggers immune responses and fibrosis; searches for alkaline exposure, growth factors, immune responses, and fibrosis found no such passage. (LLM, conf=0.76)
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- Authors
- Jeong, W., Kim, M. K., & Kang, H.-W.
- Affiliations
- Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (KR)
- Corresponding author
- Kang, Hyun-Wook
- Venue
- Journal of Tissue Engineering
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2021-01
- Volume
- 12
- Pages
- 2041731421997091-2041731421997091
- ISSN
- 2041-7314 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7919203
- OpenAlex
- W3135906188
- Cited by
- 53
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 1
- FWCI
- 2.58
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Tissue Engineering (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Scholarworks@UNIST (Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Funders
- National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF-2020M3H4A1A02084827, NRF-2020R1F1A1075865, and)
- ministry of education, science and technology (NRF-2018K1A4A3A01063890)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › 3D Printing in Biomedical Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Medicine › Hydrogels: synthesis, properties, applications
- Keywords
- decellularized extracellular matrix, bioinks, Triton X-100, sodium deoxycholate, sodium dodecyl sulfate, ammonium hydroxide, 3D bioprinting, albumin secretion, cytochrome P450 activity, gelation kinetics, mechanical properties, porcine liver
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