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Cited by 482Tissue Engineering and Regenerative MedicineHydrogels: synthesis, properties, applications3D Printing in Biomedical Research

A hydrogel derived from decellularized dermal extracellular matrix

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Wolf, Matthew T., Daly, Kerry A., Brennan-Pierce, Ellen P., Johnson, Scott A., Carruthers, Christopher A., D'Amore, Antonio, Nagarkar, Shailesh P., Velankar, Sachin S. +1 more·2012·Biomaterials
DOI 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.06.051PMC PMC3408574
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Abstract

The ECM of mammalian tissues has been used as a scaffold to facilitate the repair and reconstruction of numerous tissues. Such scaffolds are prepared in many forms including sheets, powders, and hydrogels. ECM hydrogels provide advantages such as injectability, the ability to fill an irregularly shaped space, and the inherent bioactivity of native matrix. However, material properties of ECM hydrogels and the effect of these properties upon cell behavior are neither well understood nor controlled. The objective of this study was to prepare and determine the structure, mechanics, and the cell response in vitro and in vivo of ECM hydrogels prepared from decellularized porcine dermis and urinary bladder tissues. Dermal ECM hydrogels were characterized by a more dense fiber architecture and greater mechanical integrity than urinary bladder ECM hydrogels, and showed a dose dependent increase in mechanical properties with ECM concentration. In vitro, dermal ECM hydrogels supported greater C2C12 myoblast fusion, and less fibroblast infiltration and less fibroblast mediated hydrogel contraction than urinary bladder ECM hydrogels. Both hydrogels were rapidly infiltrated by host cells, primarily macrophages, when implanted in a rat abdominal wall defect. Both ECM hydrogels degraded by 35 days in vivo, but UBM hydrogels degraded more quickly, and with greater amounts of myogenesis than dermal ECM. These results show that ECM hydrogel properties can be varied and partially controlled by the scaffold tissue source, and that these properties can markedly affect cell behavior.

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  • Harsh ionic detergents such as SDS are very effective at clearing cellular and nuclear matter but disrupt ECM architecture and reduce vital components such as GAGs and growth factors.

    “Harsh ionic detergents such as SDS are very effective at clearing away cellular and nuclear matter but are globally documented as disrupting the architecture of the ECM and reducing vital components such as GAGs and growth factors [75,76].”

    From From scaffold to function: A systematic review on dLECM-based hydrogels for liver tissue engineering — Fabrication, properties, and translational applications (2026) · cites this paper as [76]

    The Materials and Methods (§2.2; page unavailable) describe a decellularization protocol using Triton X-100, not SDS. The Discussion (§4; page unavailable) says that protocol removes effectively all cell components while maximizing retention of GAGs and growth factors. It does not support the specific claims that SDS clears cellular and nuclear matter, disrupts ECM architecture, or reduces those components. (LLM, conf=0.77)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • The functional results recorded in the studies considered invariably show high bioactivity of dLECM hydrogels compared with artificial or one-component matrices.

    “The functional results recorded in the studies considered invariably show the high bioactivity of dLECM hydrogels compared with artificial or one-component matrices [76].”

    From From scaffold to function: A systematic review on dLECM-based hydrogels for liver tissue engineering — Fabrication, properties, and translational applications (2026) · cites this paper as [76]

    The Discussion describes robust biologic activity of ECM hydrogels and says synthetic polymer hydrogels lack notable biologic activity unless bioactive molecules are added. But this study compares dermal ECM hydrogel with another tissue-derived ECM hydrogel, not with artificial or one-component matrices; it does not establish that results across the studies considered invariably favor dLECM hydrogels. (LLM, conf=0.86)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • The mechanical properties of physically crosslinked hydrogels are frequently inadequate for load-bearing or implantation on the timescale of days or lifetime.

    “However, the mechanical properties of such physically crosslinked hydrogels are frequently inadequate for load-bearing or implantation on the timescale of days or lifetime [76].”

    From From scaffold to function: A systematic review on dLECM-based hydrogels for liver tissue engineering — Fabrication, properties, and translational applications (2026) · cites this paper as [76]

    The Results (§3.9; page unavailable) report that two ECM hydrogels were implanted in rats and had almost completely degraded by day 35. The Discussion (§4; page unavailable) says mechanical stability matters for therapeutic applications, but neither passage establishes that physically crosslinked hydrogels are frequently mechanically inadequate for load-bearing or implantation over the stated timescales. Searched for physical crosslinking, load-bearing strength, and long-term implantation stability. (LLM, conf=0.72)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

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Cited by

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Authors
Wolf, M. T., Daly, K. A., Brennan-Pierce, E. P., Johnson, S. A., Carruthers, C. A., D'Amore, A., Nagarkar, S. P., Velankar, S. S., & Badylak, S. F.
Affiliations
University of Pittsburgh (US)
Corresponding author
Badylak, Stephen F.
ORCID
Venue
Biomaterials
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2012-10
Volume
33
Issue
29
Pages
7028-7038
ISSN
0142-9612 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.06.051
PMC
PMC3408574
OpenAlex
W2042022714
Cited by
482
References
7
Citations by year
2026: 19 · 2025: 33 · 2024: 57 · 2023: 40 · 2022: 48 · 2021: 43 · 2020: 40 · 2019: 29 · 2018: 34 · 2017: 39 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 36 · 2014: 24 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 2
FWCI
24.17
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Biomaterials (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
  • Nova Science Publishers (Nova Science Publishers, Inc.) (submittedVersion)
Funders
  • National Institutes of Health (5R01 AR054940-03, T32-HL76124-6)
  • C.R. Bard, Inc.
  • National Science Foundation (NSF) Graduate Research Fellowship
  • National Science Foundation (0932901)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Medicine › Hydrogels: synthesis, properties, applications
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › 3D Printing in Biomedical Research
Keywords
decellularized extracellular matrix, dermal extracellular matrix, porcine tissue, hydrogel mechanical properties, hydrogel degradation, myoblast fusion, myogenesis, fibroblast infiltration, hydrogel contraction, macrophage infiltration, abdominal wall defect, tissue engineering scaffolds, injectable scaffolds
MeSH terms
Animals, Biocompatible Materials, Cell Line, Cell Survival, Elasticity, Extracellular Matrix, Glycosaminoglycans, Kinetics, Pepsin A, Rheology, Surface Properties, Viscosity, 3T3 Cells, Hydrogels, Hydrogel, Polyethylene Glycol Dimethacrylate, Dermis, Mice

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