Voicing the Victims of Narcissistic Partners: A Qualitative Analysis of Responses to Narcissistic Injury and Self-Esteem Regulation

May combine two claims.

Three overarching themes emerged from the interview transcripts: (a) overt and covert expressions of abuse, (b) challenge to self-perceived authority, and (c) fear of abandonment.

“Three overarching themes emerged: (a) overt and covert expressions of abuse, (b) challenge to self-perceived authority, and (c) fear of abandonment.”

• Also stated in: § Thematic Analysis · plain

  “Three overarching themes emerged from the interview transcripts concerning the participants' subjective accounts of their intimate relationships with narcissistic partners.These themes are (a) overt and covert expressions of abuse, (b) challenge to self-perceived authority, and (c) fear of abandonment.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Participants' self-identification as having been in a relationship with a narcissist accurately identifies their partners as narcissistic.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The researcher's classification of partners into grandiose versus vulnerable subtypes based on the first interview question and trait descriptions accurately reflects the partners' actual narcissistic subtype.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Participants' retrospective subjective accounts accurately reflect their partners' behavior and motives.

May combine two claims.

The narcissists described in this sample were perceived to be in a constant state of rage, manifested outwardly as verbal and physical abuse and inwardly as subtle and repressed anger, pernicious psychological manipulation, and passive-aggressive behavior.

“The narcissists described in this sample were perceived to be in a constant state of rage, which appeared to be manifested outwardly in the form of verbal and physical abuse, and inwardly in terms of more subtle and repressed anger, pernicious psychological manipulation, and passive-aggressive behavior.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Participants' self-identification as having been in a relationship with a narcissist accurately identifies their partners as narcissistic.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Participants' retrospective subjective accounts accurately reflect their partners' behavior and motives.

May combine two claims.

Four participants had partners who displayed grandiose characteristics and three participants had partners who exhibited vulnerable traits.

“As a result, four participants had partners who displayed grandiose characteristics and three victims had partners who exhibited vulnerable traits.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The researcher's classification of partners into grandiose versus vulnerable subtypes based on the first interview question and trait descriptions accurately reflects the partners' actual narcissistic subtype.

May combine two claims.

Many participants experienced psychological abuse as more damaging than physical assault, with violent threats, coercive control, and systematic attempts to menace and invalidate their perceived reality (gaslighting) as significant factors in their mental health.

“many participants experienced the psychological abuse as more damaging, with violent threats, coercive control, and the systematic attempts to menace and invalidate their perceived reality (i.e.,”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Participants' self-identification as having been in a relationship with a narcissist accurately identifies their partners as narcissistic.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Participants' retrospective subjective accounts accurately reflect their partners' behavior and motives.

May combine two claims.

At times, the rage was experienced as unpredictable, frightening, and occurring without apparent provocations.

“At times, the rage was experienced as unpredictable, frightening, and occurring without apparent provocations:”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Participants' self-identification as having been in a relationship with a narcissist accurately identifies their partners as narcissistic.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Participants' retrospective subjective accounts accurately reflect their partners' behavior and motives.

May combine two claims.

The second and third themes encapsulate the underlying motives driving aggressive outbursts for the grandiose narcissist and for the vulnerable narcissist, respectively.

“The second and third themes encapsulate the underlying motives driving aggressive outbursts for the grandiose narcissist and for the vulnerable narcissist, respectively”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Participants' self-identification as having been in a relationship with a narcissist accurately identifies their partners as narcissistic.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The researcher's classification of partners into grandiose versus vulnerable subtypes based on the first interview question and trait descriptions accurately reflects the partners' actual narcissistic subtype.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Participants' retrospective subjective accounts accurately reflect their partners' behavior and motives.

May combine two claims.

Several elements of grandiose personalities emerged: overt expressions of arrogance, self-absorption, and exhibition of superiority in attitude and behavior without any need for its justification.

“During thematic coding, several elements of grandiose personalities emerged, such as overt expressions of arrogance, self-absorption, and exhibition of superiority in attitude and behavior without any need for its justification.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Participants' self-identification as having been in a relationship with a narcissist accurately identifies their partners as narcissistic.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The researcher's classification of partners into grandiose versus vulnerable subtypes based on the first interview question and trait descriptions accurately reflects the partners' actual narcissistic subtype.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Participants' retrospective subjective accounts accurately reflect their partners' behavior and motives.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The first theme captures the variety of abuse and hostility reported by participants in their victimization of domestic violence.

“The first theme captures the variety of abuse and hostility reported by the participants in their victimization of domestic violence.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Participants' self-identification as having been in a relationship with a narcissist accurately identifies their partners as narcissistic.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Participants' retrospective subjective accounts accurately reflect their partners' behavior and motives.

May combine two claims.

Vulnerably narcissistic partners were perceived to regularly become enraged at the slightest fear of rejection or abandonment, underpinned by defenses against conscious vulnerability and interpersonal distress.

“Vulnerably narcissistic partners were perceived to regularly become enraged at the slightest fear of rejection or abandonment, underpinned by defenses against conscious vulnerability and interpersonal distress:”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Data transcripts from the participants who had been with a vulnerable narcissist appear to have a more idiosyncratic style with less psychologized language in their recollections.

“Data transcripts from the participants who had been with a vulnerable narcissist appear to have a more idiosyncratic style with less psychologized language in their recollections.”

May combine two claims.

In line with previous research, vulnerable narcissists appeared to display high levels of interpersonal distress, emotional sensitivity, and extreme reliance on their partners to modulate self-esteem.

“In line with previous research, vulnerable narcissists appeared to display high levels of interpersonal distress, emotional sensitivity, and extreme reliance on their partners to modulate self-esteem (Besser & Priel, 2010;Dickinson & Pincus, 2003).”

• cites Besser & Priel, 2010Not checked yet

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• cites Dickinson & Pincus, 2003Not checked yet

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• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Participants' retrospective accounts accurately reflect their partners' narcissistic traits and behaviors.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The partners described by participants can be validly classified into grandiose and vulnerable narcissistic subtypes based on participants' narratives.

May combine two claims.

Vulnerable characteristics were apparent in the interview narratives, with features of hypersensitivity, insecurity, jealousy, paranoia, control, and an exploitative interpersonal style being common of narcissistic partners as recalled by the participants.

“Vulnerable characteristics were apparent in the interview narratives, with features of hypersensitivity, insecurity, jealousy, paranoia, control, and an exploitative interpersonal style being common of narcissistic partners as recalled by the participants.”

May combine two claims.

Vulnerable narcissists were perceived to manipulate in ways to inspire more sympathy, power, and control from their partners and to keep them in a heightened state of codependent anxiety.

“The data also show that vulnerable narcissists were perceived to manipulate in ways to inspire more sympathy, power, and control from their partners and to keep them in a heightened state of codependent anxiety.”

May combine two claims.

Participants conveyed that they gradually cut people out of their lives and became isolated as they struggled to leave their long-term relationships.

“Participants conveyed that they gradually cut people out of their lives and became isolated as they struggled to leave their long-term relationships.”

May combine two claims.

Popular images of the narcissist are overly simplistic because the personality trait is more complex than the grandiose type typically presented.

“It is concluded that popular images of the narcissist are overly simplistic as the personality trait is more complex than the grandiose type typically presented.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Participants' self-identification as having been in a relationship with a narcissist accurately identifies their partners as narcissistic.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The researcher's classification of partners into grandiose versus vulnerable subtypes based on the first interview question and trait descriptions accurately reflects the partners' actual narcissistic subtype.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Participants' retrospective subjective accounts accurately reflect their partners' behavior and motives.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

In DSM-5 criteria, narcissistic pathology is represented as grandiose, arrogant, entitled, envious, and exploitative.

“In these criteria, narcissistic pathology is represented as grandiose, arrogant, entitled, envious, and exploitative.”

• cites APA, 2013Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

When a narcissist perceives a potential threat, real or imagined, intolerable emotions of shame, humiliation, and anger are evoked, followed by a self-righteous defensive response intended to attack or eliminate the source of threat to restore self-esteem.

“Logan (2009) proposed that when the potential of a threat (real or imagined) is perceived by the narcissist, intolerable emotions in the form of shame, humiliation, and anger are evoked, followed either instantly or later by a selfrighteous defensive response intended to attack or eliminate the source of threat to restore self-esteem.”

• cites Logan, 2009Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The vulnerable personality is observed as overtly presenting with shyness, hypersensitivity, and inhibition while harboring covert grandiosity and entitled expectations.

“The vulnerable personality, on the contrary, is observed as overtly presenting with shyness, hypersensitivity, and inhibition, while harboring feelings of covert grandiosity and entitled expectations (Levy, 2012).”

• cites Levy, 2012Not checked yet

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May combine two claims.

Prolonged intolerable emotions may result in chronic rage reactions, which aggravate guilt and shame, fueling anger and creating a self-perpetuating shame-rage spiral.

“These intolerable emotions, if prolonged, may result in chronic rage reactions, which further aggravate existing feelings of guilt and shame, in turn fueling anger and ultimately creating a self-perpetuating”

• cites Krizan & Johar, 2015Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Narcissistic injury explains how narcissistic self-preoccupation can fuel a vicious cycle of intense anger, violence, and vindictiveness when self-esteem is challenged.

“Theories have postulated the concept of”

• cites Freud, 1914/1957Not checked yet

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• cites Kohut, 1977Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The overreliance of quantitative methods measuring grandiosity has led to a paucity of research investigating the multidimensional conceptualization of narcissism and the underlying motives underpinning grandiose and vulnerable narcissists' relationship-threatening behavior.

“Although subclinical narcissism has received growing interest in the empirical literature, the overreliance of quantitative methods measuring grandiosity has led to a paucity of research investigating the multidimensional conceptualization of narcissism and the underlying motives underpinning grandiose and vulnerable narcissists' relationship-threatening behavior.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

It is necessary that grandiose and vulnerable narcissism are differentiated, as violence against a partner, controlling behaviors, and psychological abuse are mediated by the two subtypes of narcissistic presentation.

“Rinker (2009) argued it is necessary that grandiose and vulnerable narcissism are differentiated, as violence against a partner, controlling behaviors, and psychological abuse are mediated by the two subtypes of narcissistic presentation.”

• cites Rinker, 2009Not checked yet

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Grandiose narcissism was associated with attachment avoidance and independent self-construal.

“whereas grandiose narcissism was associated with attachment avoidance and independent self-construal.”

• cites Rohmann, Herner, Bierhoff, & Neumann, 2012Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Pathological narcissism may simply reflect the extreme end of a single dimension, with entitlement and lack of empathy being the most maladaptive components.

“The authors concluded that the findings might be symptomatic of the blurred boundary between pathological and subclinical narcissism, in that pathological narcissism, instead of being a qualitatively distinct construct, may simply reflect the extreme end of a single dimension, with entitlement and lack of empathy being the most maladaptive components.”

• cites Hepper et al., 2014Not checked yet

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May combine two claims.

In Hepper et al. (2014), prison participants had significantly higher levels of narcissism than the control group, and this finding was significantly mediated by levels of trait narcissism rather than clinical NPD symptoms.

“In short, results showed that while prison participants had significantly higher levels of narcissism than the control group, this finding was significantly mediated by levels of trait narcissism rather than clinical NPD symptoms.”

• cites Hepper et al., 2014Not checked yet

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Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The researcher decided not to provide explicit guidance regarding the definition of narcissism to avoid influencing participants' understanding of narcissism.

“Prior to conducting the interviews, the researcher decided not to provide explicit guidance regarding the definition of narcissism as to avoid influencing participants' understanding of narcissism.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The data set and illustrative quotes were discussed within the research team before final representation of themes to further eliminate interpretation bias and to ensure intercoder reliability.

“The data set and the illustrative quotes were discussed within the research team before final representation of themes to further eliminate interpretation bias and to ensure intercoder reliability.”

May combine two claims.

Grandiose narcissists are associated with less interpersonal distress, higher self-esteem, and a secure/dismissive attachment style compared with vulnerable narcissists.

“For instance, Dickinson and Pincus (2003) found that grandiose narcissists are associated with less interpersonal distress, higher selfesteem, and a secure/dismissive attachment style as compared with vulnerable narcissists.”

• cites Dickinson and Pincus, 2003Not checked yet

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Both grandiose and vulnerable narcissism require external validation.

“Although both forms of narcissism required external validation”

• cites Besser and Priel, 2010Not checked yet

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May combine two claims.

Narcissism has been linked to the perpetration of psychological abuse, verbal abuse, and sexual and physical abuse.

“Narcissism has been linked to the perpetration of psychological abuse (Gormley & Lopez, 2010), verbal abuse (Caiozzo, Houston, & Grych, 2016;Lamkin, Lavner, & Shaffer, 2017), and sexual and physical abuse (Blinkhorn, Lyons, & Almond, 2015;Carton & Egan, 2017;Keiller, 2010;Ryan, Weikel, & Sprechini, 2008;Southard, 2010).”

• cites Gormley & Lopez, 2010Not checked yet

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• cites Caiozzo, Houston, & Grych, 2016Not checked yet

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• cites Lamkin, Lavner, & Shaffer, 2017Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Bracketing was used to minimize research bias as much as possible.

“Bracketing was used to minimize research bias as much as possible.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Vulnerable narcissism has been associated with a possessive love style characterized by dependency and interpersonal fearfulness.

“Similarly, other research has found that vulnerable narcissism has been associated with a possessive love style characterized by dependency and interpersonal fearfulness (Rohmann, Herner, Bierhoff, & Neumann, 2012)”

• cites Rohmann, Herner, Bierhoff, & Neumann, 2012Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Grandiose narcissists are particularly vulnerable to threats concerning achievement and competition failure but are less concerned regarding domains requiring the approval of others.

“whereas grandiose narcissists were particularly vulnerable to threats concerning achievement and competition failure but were less concerned regarding domains requiring the approval of others.”

• cites Besser and Priel, 2010Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Vulnerable narcissists are likely to promote social withdrawal and avoidance of intimate relationships, given their fear of disappointments and self-esteem threat.

“As a result of these interpersonal difficulties, Dickinson and Pincus (2003) asserted that vulnerable narcissists are likely to promote social withdrawal and avoidance of intimate relationships, given their fear of disappointments and self-esteem threat.”

• cites Dickinson and Pincus, 2003Not checked yet

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May combine two claims.

Narcissists may hold grudges, plan revenge to reassert domination and control, and repair damage to self-esteem.

“Such behavior may involve narcissists holding grudges against those who are perceived to have wronged them, carefully planning plots for revenge to reassert domination and control, and thus repair damage done to self-esteem (Roark, 2012).”

• cites Roark, 2012Not checked yet

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May combine two claims.

Vulnerable narcissists exhibit an anxious/fearful attachment style, high interpersonal distress, and low self-esteem.

“On the contrary, it was found that vulnerable narcissists appeared to exhibit an anxious/fearful attachment style, high interpersonal distress, and low self-esteem.”

• cites Dickinson and Pincus, 2003Not checked yet

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May combine two claims.

The significant distress and pain experienced by participants shed light on the dysfunctional context narcissists create through their interpersonal hostility, resulting in a lack of empathy and callous exploitation of others.

“The significant distress and pain experienced by participants shed light on the dysfunctional context narcissists create through their interpersonal hostility, resulting in a lack of empathy and callous exploitation of others”

• cites Blinkhorn et al., 2016Not checked yet

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• cites Brown, 2004Not checked yet

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• cites Campbell et al., 2002Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Fear of abandonment is a central marker for BPD.

“Fear of abandonment, for instance, is a central marker for BPD (American Psychological Association, 2013).”

• cites American Psychological Association, 2013Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Participants' recollections of their past relationships may have been somewhat restructured and rephrased through repeated telling in self-help groups.

“In terms of the authenticity of the data, it can be argued that participants' recollections of their past relationships may have been somewhat restructured and rephrased through repeated telling in self-help groups.”

May combine two claims.

In this study, narcissistic partners were described as experiencing chronic rage reactions in both overt and covert forms, adding further credence to the existence of explosive and passive-aggressive types of rage identified in previous research.

“In this study, narcissistic partners were described as experiencing chronic rage reactions in both overt and covert forms, adding further credence to the existence of explosive and passiveaggressive types of rage identified in previous research (Krizan & Johar, 2015;Miller et al., 2010;Roark, 2012).”

• cites Krizan & Johar, 2015Not checked yet

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• cites Miller et al., 2010Not checked yet

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• cites Roark, 2012Not checked yet

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May combine two claims.

The data demonstrated that grandiose narcissists were perceived to show little interpersonal distress, coupled with an inability to endure committed long-term relationships, suggesting that partners serve as narcissistic supply.

“The data demonstrated that grandiose narcissists were perceived to show little interpersonal distress, coupled with an inability to endure committed longterm relationships, suggesting that partners serve as narcissistic supply.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Participants' retrospective accounts accurately reflect their partners' narcissistic traits and behaviors.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The partners described by participants can be validly classified into grandiose and vulnerable narcissistic subtypes based on participants' narratives.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The more idiosyncratic style of vulnerable-narcissist transcripts could be the result of there being a paucity of literature concerning the vulnerable narcissist in domestic violence, meaning that participants were unable to find a label or cause for the behavior of their partners and were 'working this out' through the dialogue in their interviews.

“This could be the result of there being a paucity of literature concerning the vulnerable narcissist in domestic violence, meaning that participants were unable to find a label or cause for the behavior of their partners and were “working this out” through the dialogue in their interviews.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

If participants' recollections were restructured and rephrased through repeated telling in self-help groups, this may affect the validity of the results as participants would be more likely to speak the language used in these groups rather than using their own voice.

“If this was indeed the case, this may affect the validity of the results as participants would be more likely to speak the language used in these groups rather than using their own voice.”

May combine two claims.

Vulnerable themes have been eliminated from subsequent versions of the DSM-5 criteria to increase its grandiose emphasis, and in turn, are only included in the self and interpersonal portion of the diagnosis (Criteria A), as opposed to the actual trait perspective (Criteria B).

“Vulnerable themes have been eliminated from subsequent versions of the DSM-5 criteria to increase its grandiose emphasis (Cain et al., 2008), and in turn, are only included in the self and interpersonal portion of the diagnosis (Criteria A), as opposed to the actual trait perspective (Criteria B;American Psychiatric Association, 2013).”

• cites Cain et al., 2008Not checked yet

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• cites American Psychiatric Association, 2013Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The narratives developed throughout the interview process suggest that participants took an interest in being members of groups (i.e., recovery from 'narcissistic abuse'), and sharing their stories while adapting to a particular vocabulary, which is driven and influenced by the language used in pop-psychology and self-help books.

“In terms of participant bias, the narratives developed throughout the interview process suggest that participants took an interest in being members of groups (i.e., recovery from “narcissistic abuse”), and sharing their stories while adapting to a particular vocabulary, which is driven and influenced by the language used in pop-psychology and self-help books.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

The distinctive expressions of narcissistic grandiosity and vulnerability in domestic violence will arguably provide insight into the motives and behaviors that initially gave rise to them.

“Nevertheless, the distinctive expressions of narcissistic grandiosity and vulnerability in domestic violence will arguably provide insight into the motives and behaviors that initially gave rise to them.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

In previous research, vulnerable narcissists are believed to be prone to avoiding relationships, and this avoidance serves to sustain elevated self-esteem against conscious awareness of chronic disappointments and self-esteem threat.

“Yet, in previous research, vulnerable narcissists are believed to be prone to avoiding relationships, and this avoidance serves to sustain elevated self-esteem against conscious awareness of chronic disappointments and self-esteem threat (Dickinson & Pincus, 2003).”

• cites Dickinson & Pincus, 2003Not checked yet

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Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Contrary to long-standing preconceived notions of the stereotypical grandiose narcissist, the vulnerable subtype is arguably the lesser seen and understood image of narcissism in interpersonal contexts, given its overt presentation of shyness, constraint, and emotional sensitivity.

“Contrary to long-standing preconceived notions of the stereotypical grandiose narcissist, the vulnerable subtype is arguably the lesser seen and understood image of narcissism in interpersonal contexts, given its overt presentation of shyness, constraint, and emotional sensitivity.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The partners described by participants can be validly classified into grandiose and vulnerable narcissistic subtypes based on participants' narratives.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The more idiosyncratic style of vulnerable-narcissist transcripts may also be evidence that individuals were using their own language to describe their experiences, and not the language and labels they had read about in literature and pop-psychology books.

“It may also be evidence that individuals were using their own language to describe their experiences, and not the language and labels they had read about in literature and pop-psychology books.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Pincus and Lukowitsky (2010) contend that expressions of grandiosity and vulnerability may each be either overtly or covertly displayed, and, therefore, these character styles may appropriately be considered as states operating dialectically and reciprocally.

“In support of this argument, Pincus and Lukowitsky (2010) contend that expressions of grandiosity and vulnerability may each be either overtly or covertly displayed, and, therefore, these character styles may appropriately be considered as states operating dialectically and reciprocally.”

• cites Pincus and Lukowitsky (2010)Not checked yet

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Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Failing to capture the complex and multidimensional aspects of narcissism may impede clinical recognition of patients who present narcissistic vulnerability, along with the related self-regulation behaviours that drive narcissistic pathology.

“Failing to capture the complex and multidimensional aspects of narcissism may impede clinical recognition of patients who present narcissistic vulnerability (Pincus & Lukowitsky, 2010), along with the related self-regulation behaviours that drive narcissistic pathology.”

• cites Pincus & Lukowitsky, 2010Not checked yet

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May combine two claims.

This fearful attachment style was evidenced across the narratives and is indicative of vulnerable narcissists' covert entitled expectations of partners to satisfy their needs while fearing they will fail to do so.

“This fearful attachment style was evidenced across the narratives and is indicative of vulnerable narcissists' covert entitled expectations of partners to satisfy their needs while fearing they will fail to do so.”

May combine two claims.

In this study, results provide new insights into how vulnerable narcissists are perceived to maintain their intimate relationships, and, more importantly, identify the underlying dynamics driving their relationship-threatening behaviors.

“In this study, however, results provide new insights into how vulnerable narcissists are perceived to maintain their intimate relationships, and, more importantly, identify the underlying dynamics driving their relationshipthreatening behaviors.”