Urban planning and design with points of interest and visual perception

“Similar to most real networks in other complex network domains, they have a very short average path length, resulting in the concept of a small world where everyone is connected to everyone through just a very short path (Barabasi and Albert, 1999; Bettencourt et al., 2007).”

“Network science and graph theory have developed a wide range of measures to assist in the understanding of network structures, including density, resilience, connectedness, hierarchy, modularity, and clustering (Arcaute et al., 2015; Barthelemy, 2015; Clauset et al, 2009).”

“Similar to most real networks in other complex network domains, they have a very short average path length, resulting in the concept of a small world where everyone is connected to everyone through just a very short path (Barabasi and Albert, 1999; Bettencourt et al., 2007).”

“Depending on the social, economic, or cultural context, POI could refer to the location of healthcare (Luo and Wang, 2003), drinking water (Yang et al., 2013), jobs (Hu, 2013), historic landmarks (Binski et al, 2019), different buildings, public transport stations, food and beverage facilities,…”

“Cities are not only comprised of concentrations of people and activities but are also ‘ systems of organised complexity ’ , formed through bottom-up, self-organising processes, and through top-down planning interventions (Batty, 2013).”

“Most graph methods and tools only consider street networks (Boeing, 2017; Chiaradia et al., 2012; Jiang et al., 1999; Sevtsuk and Mekonnen, 2012; St ˚ ahle et al., 2005; Turneavar, 2007), while ignoring additional aspects of the built environment, such as speci fi c buildings and their purposes –…”

“However, these methods are all local, characterising one single location (Benedikt, 1979).”

“These models schematise mental representations of environments and mainly rely on visibility properties, embedded in both the urban environment and human behaviour (Jiang and Claramunt, 2002; Kim, 2009; Lu et al., 2017; Turner et al., 2001).”

“However, aspects of urban form, such as the location of urban activities or POI are also very important (Yue et al., 2017).”

“…urban features such as street intersections, segments, or names; street continuity or axiality; transportation systems and neighbourhoods; parks, buildings, and landmarks (Agryzkov et al., 2017; Barthelemy, 2015; Caduff and Timpf, 2005; Filomena and Verstegen, 2021; Jiang and Claramunt, 2004).”

“…current visibility algorithm, adapted for working on the QGIS platform, is based on Natapov et al., (2013), who introduced the initial idea of POI-related visibility graphs using MathWorks, MATLAB, and on Jiang and Claramunt (2002) who proposed similar graph-based schematisation of street networks.”

“On the other hand, in behavioural and cognitive sciences there has been an increase in the use of graph-based models (Franz et al. 2005; Christoph H¨olscher et al., 2006).”

“Central streets with high connectivity will probably always remain central and well-connected, despite urban evolution processes (Strano et al. 2012).”

“Most graph methods and tools only consider street networks (Boeing, 2017; Chiaradia et al., 2012; Jiang et al., 1999; Sevtsuk and Mekonnen, 2012; St ˚ ahle et al., 2005; Turneavar, 2007), while ignoring additional aspects of the built environment, such as speci fi c buildings and their purposes –…”

“For decades, these relationships have been systematised by mathematical graphs and studied through network science (Agryzkov et al., 2017; Barthelemy, 2015; Ducruet and Beauguitte, 2014; Marshall et al., 2018).”

“In urban studies, the ability to evaluate the level of attractiveness of different assets and features is a key concept, referred to as accessibility (Batty, 2009).”

“Relationships between vertices in a graph can vary, from representation of direct connections or distances to route-related choices (Boeing, 2020; Chrastil and Warren, 2014; Franz et al., 2005; Warren et al., 2017; Werner et al., 2000).”

“For decades, these relationships have been systematised by mathematical graphs and studied through network science (Agryzkov et al., 2017; Barthelemy, 2015; Ducruet and Beauguitte, 2014; Marshall et al., 2018).”

“Relationships between vertices in a graph can vary, from representation of direct connections or distances to route-related choices (Boeing, 2020; Chrastil and Warren, 2014; Franz et al., 2005; Warren et al., 2017; Werner et al., 2000).”

“Relationships between vertices in a graph can vary, from representation of direct connections or distances to route-related choices (Boeing, 2020; Chrastil and Warren, 2014; Franz et al., 2005; Warren et al., 2017; Werner et al., 2000).”

“Depending on the social, economic, or cultural context, POI could refer to the location of healthcare (Luo and Wang, 2003), drinking water (Yang et al., 2013), jobs (Hu, 2013), historic landmarks (Binski et al, 2019), different buildings, public transport stations, food and beverage facilities,…”

“Most graph methods and tools only consider street networks (Boeing, 2017; Chiaradia et al., 2012; Jiang et al., 1999; Sevtsuk and Mekonnen, 2012; St ˚ ahle et al., 2005; Turneavar, 2007), while ignoring additional aspects of the built environment, such as speci fi c buildings and their purposes –…”

“Network science and graph theory have developed a wide range of measures to assist in the understanding of network structures, including density, resilience, connectedness, hierarchy, modularity, and clustering (Arcaute et al., 2015; Barthelemy, 2015; Clauset et al, 2009).”

“…traditional modernist principles of city planning theory propose that services and retail facilities of varying scales (such as local or global) ought to be positioned on streets that align with their level of signi fi cance (Calthorpe and Fulton, 2001; Duany et al., 2003; Farr, 2008; Perry, 1927).”

“Relationships between vertices in a graph can vary, from representation of direct connections or distances to route-related choices (Boeing, 2020; Chrastil and Warren, 2014; Franz et al., 2005; Warren et al., 2017; Werner et al., 2000).”

“(Elzeni et al., 2022).”

“…can employ this method for selecting new venues and examining their relationships with competing venues in the area, especially as it is well known that diverse visuospatial attributes (such as viewpoints or vistas) hold considerable economic signi fi cance and value (Lang and Schaffer, 2001).”

“Environment visibility and human visual perceptions – which shape our spatial cognition and play a major role in human behaviour (Gibson, 1979) – are key factors in orientating and functioning within the urban space (Javadi et al., 2016; Wang et al., 2014).”

“Network science and graph theory have developed a wide range of measures to assist in the understanding of network structures, including density, resilience, connectedness, hierarchy, modularity, and clustering (Arcaute et al., 2015; Barthelemy, 2015; Clauset et al, 2009).”

“…social, economic, or cultural context, POI could refer to the location of healthcare (Luo and Wang, 2003), drinking water (Yang et al., 2013), jobs (Hu, 2013), historic landmarks (Binski et al, 2019), different buildings, public transport stations, food and beverage facilities, residential homes,…”

“Urban facilities and locations can be referred to as POI, and they function as origins and destinations of urban travels, or as accommodative centres for urban activities (Bielik et al., 2018).”

“…urban features such as street intersections, segments, or names; street continuity or axiality; transportation systems and neighbourhoods; parks, buildings, and landmarks (Agryzkov et al., 2017; Barthelemy, 2015; Caduff and Timpf, 2005; Filomena and Verstegen, 2021; Jiang and Claramunt, 2004).”

“More speci fi cally, way fi nding, navigation, and exploration in an unfamiliar urban environment are based on utilisation of the sense of sight as a generative feature for shaping spatial memory and behaviour (Newman and McNamara, 2021).”

“These models schematise mental representations of environments and mainly rely on visibility properties, embedded in both the urban environment and human behaviour (Jiang and Claramunt, 2002; Kim, 2009; Lu et al., 2017; Turner et al., 2001).”

“The current visibility algorithm, adapted for working on the QGIS platform, is based on Natapov et al., (2013), who introduced the initial idea of POI-related visibility graphs using MathWorks, MATLAB, and on Jiang and Claramunt (2002) who proposed similar graph-based schematisation of street…”

“…is suitable for urban uses that evolve and thrive from pedestrian fl ows, such as storefront retail, food, and other so-called façade-oriented amenities (Talen and Park, 2021), while the second scenario is potentially suitable for any segregated, private, or illegitimate use that strives to avoid…”

“…POI could refer to the location of healthcare (Luo and Wang, 2003), drinking water (Yang et al., 2013), jobs (Hu, 2013), historic landmarks (Binski et al, 2019), different buildings, public transport stations, food and beverage facilities, residential homes, commercial services, sports and…”

“…urban features such as street intersections, segments, or names; street continuity or axiality; transportation systems and neighbourhoods; parks, buildings, and landmarks (Agryzkov et al., 2017; Barthelemy, 2015; Caduff and Timpf, 2005; Filomena and Verstegen, 2021; Jiang and Claramunt, 2004).”

“These kinds of uses require previous spatial knowledge and tend to be located in more discrete and hidden areas (Natapov and Grinshpun, 2020; Spain, 2014).”

“Scenarios comparing different social amenity distributions were evaluated based on local household walking distances (Beames et al., 2018), visibility and accessibility of amenities (Natapov et al., 2023).”

“Additionally, their attributes make POI data easy to obtain, the data have a wide coverage, and they contain rich information about social and economic attributes that provide a new perspective for urban research [51].”

“Recent growth in geospatial point-of-interest (POI) data offers a promising way to improve the functional specificity of NTL-based monitoring (Natapov, Cohen, and Dalyot 2024; Yue et al. 2017).”

“Regarding the POI as a starting point, historical architecture can be studied [2].”

“It could organize multi-source entities and their interrelationships through the representation methods of symbolic “entity-relationship-entity” data as well as the fusion of diverse urban data (P. P.-S. Chen, 1976; Natapov et al., 2024).”