Efficacy of a compulsory homework programme for increasing physical activity and healthy eating in children: the healthy homework pilot study
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BACKGROUND: Most physical activity and nutrition interventions in children focus on the school setting; however, evidence suggests that children are less active and have greater access to unhealthy food at home. The aim of this pilot study was to examine the efficacy of a compulsory homework programme for increasing physical activity and healthy eating in children. METHODS: The six-week 'Healthy Homework' programme and complementary teaching resource was developed under the guidance of an intersectoral steering group. Eight senior classes (year levels 5-6) from two diverse Auckland primary schools were randomly assigned into intervention and control groups. A total of 97 children (57 intervention, 40 control) aged 9-11 years participated in the evaluation of the intervention. Daily step counts were monitored immediately before and after the intervention using sealed multiday memory pedometers. Screen time, sports participation, active transport to and from school, and the consumption of fruits, vegetables, unhealthy foods and drinks were recorded concurrently in a 4-day food and activity diary. RESULTS: Healthy Homework resulted in a significant intervention effect of 2,830 steps.day-1 (95% CI: 560, 5,300, P = 0.013). This effect was consistent between sexes, schools, and day types (weekdays and weekend days). In addition, significant intervention effects were observed for vegetable consumption (0.83 servings.day-1, 95% CI: 0.24, 1.43, P = 0.007) and unhealthy food consumption (-0.56 servings.day-1, 95% CI: -1.05, -0.07, P = 0.027) on weekends but not weekdays, with no interactions with sex or school. Effects for all other variables were not statistically significant regardless of day type. CONCLUSIONS: Compulsory health-related homework appears to be an effective approach for increasing physical activity and improving vegetable and unhealthy food consumption in children. Further research in a larger study is required to confirm these initial results.
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Some included interventions specifically sought to prevent or reduce the decline in PA observed in control conditions over time, as opposed to significantly increasing PA in intervention conditions.
“some interventions specifically sought to prevent or reduce the decline in PA observed in control conditions over time, as opposed to significantly increasing PA in intervention conditions”
From A mixed-studies systematic review and meta-analysis of school-based interventions to promote physical activity and/or reduce sedentary time in children (2020) · cites this paper as [73]
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- Authors
- Duncan, S., McPhee, J. C., Schluter, P. J., Zinn, C., Smith, R., & Schofield, G.
- Affiliations
- Auckland University of Technology (NZ)
- National Institute of Education (SG)
- Corresponding author
- Duncan, Scott
- Venue
- International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity
- Published
- 2011
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 127
- ISSN
- 1479-5868 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3256102
- OpenAlex
- W2129967739
- Cited by
- 59
- References
- 57
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 1.75
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Tuwhera (Auckland University of Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Health Research Council of New Zealand
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Speech and Hearing › School Health and Nursing Education
- Keywords
- physical activity, healthy eating, children, vegetable consumption, unhealthy food consumption, step count, screen time, active transport, elementary school students, home food environment
- MeSH terms
- Child, Curriculum, Diet, Female, Health Education, Health Promotion, Humans, Male, New Zealand, Pilot Projects, Reward, Schools, Sports, Students, Vegetables, Health Behavior, Exercise
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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