Gender Differences in Carbohydrate Metabolism and Carbohydrate Loading
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Prior to endurance competition, many endurance athletes participate in a carbohydrate loading regimen in order to help delay the onset of fatigue. The "classic" regimen generally includes an intense glycogen depleting training period of approximately two days followed by a glycogen loading period for 3-4 days, ingesting approximately 60-70% of total energy intake as carbohydrates, while the newer method does not consist of an intense glycogen depletion protocol. However, recent evidence has indicated that glycogen loading does not occur in the same manner for males and females, thus affecting performance. The scope of this literature review will include a brief description of the role of estradiol in relation to metabolism and gender differences seen in carbohydrate metabolism and loading.
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Achieving high intakes of CHO (≥8 g/kg body weight/day) commonly recommended for CHO loading can be difficult for women whose habitual energy intakes are <2000 kcal/day, as this dose amounts to ingesting more than 70-90% of total energy intake as CHO for a 60-kg woman.
“Achieving the high intakes of CHO (≥8 g.kg body weight−1 day−1) commonly recommended for CHO loading can be difficult for women whose habitual energy intakes are <2000 kcal.d−1 [192–194], as this dose amounts to ingesting more than 70–90% of the total energy intake as CHO for a 60-kg woman.”
From International society of sports nutrition position stand: nutritional concerns of the female athlete (2023) · cites this paper as [192]
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Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredTrained female athletes do not oxidize fat and carbohydrate at the same rates as males and may deplete endogenous glycogen stores to different degrees.
“Moreover, studies have indicated that trained female athletes do not oxidize fat and carbohydrate at the same rates as males and may deplete endogenous glycogen stores to different degrees [28–31].”
From International society of sports nutrition position stand: nutrient timing (2017) · cites this paper as [31]
Due to sex differences in carbohydrate metabolism and glycogen supercompensation, female athletes may need to significantly increase total caloric intake over loading days to achieve effects similar to males.
“It is important to mention that due to noted sex differences related to carbohydrate metabolism and the supercompensation of glycogen stores, female athletes may need to significantly increase total caloric intake over these “loading days” to achieve effects similar to males [31].”
From International society of sports nutrition position stand: nutrient timing (2017) · cites this paper as [31]
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Laktat-Leistungsdiagnostik - Durchführung und Interpretation
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- Authors
- Wismann, J., & Willoughby, D.
- Affiliations
- Baylor University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Wismann, Jennifer
- ORCID
- Willoughby, Darryn
- Venue
- Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2006-06-01
- Volume
- 3
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 28-34
- ISSN
- 1550-2783 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2129154
- OpenAlex
- W2128345961
- Cited by
- 58
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 0.14
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Keywords
- carbohydrate loading, carbohydrate metabolism, gender differences, endurance athletes, glycogen depletion, estradiol, sex differences in performance, fatigue
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