Concurrent hippocampal induction of MHC II pathway components and glial activation with advanced aging is not correlated with cognitive impairment
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Background: Age-related cognitive dysfunction, including impairment of hippocampus-dependent spatial learning and memory, affects approximately half of the aged population. Induction of a variety of neuroinflammatory measures has been reported with brain aging but the relationship between neuroinflammation and cognitive decline with non-neurodegenerative, normative aging remains largely unexplored. This study sought to comprehensively investigate expression of the MHC II immune response pathway and glial activation in the hippocampus in the context of both aging and age-related cognitive decline. Methods: Three independent cohorts of adult (12-13 months) and aged (26-28 months) F344xBN rats were behaviorally characterized by Morris water maze testing. Expression of MHC II pathway-associated genes identified by transcriptomic analysis as upregulated with advanced aging was quantified by qPCR in synaptosomal fractions derived from whole hippocampus and in hippocampal subregion dissections (CA1, CA3, and DG). Activation of astrocytes and microglia was assessed by GFAP and Iba1 protein expression, and by immunohistochemical visualization of GFAP and both CD74 (Ox6) and Iba1. Results: We report a marked age-related induction of neuroinflammatory signaling transcripts (i.e., MHC II components, toll-like receptors, complement, and downstream signaling factors) throughout the hippocampus in all aged rats regardless of cognitive status. Astrocyte and microglial activation was evident in CA1, CA3 and DG of intact and impaired aged rat groups, in the absence of differences in total numbers of GFAP+astrocytes or Iba1+microglia. Both mild and moderate microglial activation was significantly increased in all three hippocampal subregions in aged cognitively intact and cognitively impaired rats compared to adults. Neither induction of MHCII pathway gene expression nor glial activation correlated to cognitive performance. Conclusions: These data demonstrate a novel, coordinated age-related induction of the MHC II immune response pathway and glial activation in the hippocampus, indicating an allostatic shift toward a para-inflammatory phenotype with advancing age. Our findings demonstrate that age-related induction of these aspects of hippocampal neuroinflammation, while a potential contributing factor, is not sufficient by itself to elicit impairment of spatial learning and memory in models of normative aging. Future efforts are needed to understand how neuroinflammation may act synergistically with cognitive-decline specific alterations to cause cognitive impairment.
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Microglia under normal aging showed upregulation of genes associated with antigen presentation, such as MHCII, CD86, and CIITA, and suppression of anti-inflammatory genes, such as IL-10 and CD200.
“Microglia under normal aging (ie, aging in absence of neurodegeneration) showed upregulation of genes associated with antigen presentation, such as MHCII, CD86, and CIITA (Frank et al, 2006;Godbout et al, 2005;VanGuilder et al, 2011), and suppression of anti-inflammatory genes, such as IL-10 and CD200 (Frank et al, 2006).”
From Microglia Priming with Aging and Stress (2017) · cites this paper as VanGuilder et al, 2011
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- Authors
- VanGuilder, H. D., Bixler, G. V., Brucklacher, R. M., Farley, J. A., Yan, H., Warrington, J. P., Sonntag, W. E., & Freeman, W. M.
- Affiliations
- Pennsylvania State University (US)
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Freeman, Willard M
- Venue
- Journal of Neuroinflammation
- Published
- 2011-10-11
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 138-138
- ISSN
- 1742-2094 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3216278
- OpenAlex
- W2081626361
- Cited by
- 132
- References
- 91
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 3.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroinflammation (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Donald W. Reynolds Foundation
- National Institutes of Health (5r01ag026607-06)
- National Institute on Aging (#R01AG026607, 5R01AG026607, P01AG011370)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neurological Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Developmental Neuroscience › Neurogenesis and neuroplasticity mechanisms
- Keywords
- hippocampal inflammation, glial activation, microglial activation, astrocytes, cognitive aging, age-related cognitive decline, spatial learning and memory, Toll-like receptors, complement system, hippocampal subfields
- MeSH terms
- Aging, Animals, Histocompatibility Antigens Class II, Behavior, Animal, Cognition Disorders, Genes, MHC Class II, Hippocampus, Humans, Major Histocompatibility Complex, Male, Neuroglia, Rats, Inbred F344, Biomarkers, Maze Learning, Gene Expression Profiling, Microarray Analysis, Rats, Transcriptome
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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