Gene expression changes in the course of normal brain aging are sexually dimorphic
Open accessAbstract
Gene expression profiles were assessed in the hippocampus, entorhinal cortex, superior-frontal gyrus, and postcentral gyrus across the lifespan of 55 cognitively intact individuals aged 20–99 years. Perspectives on global gene changes that are associated with brain aging emerged, revealing two overarching concepts. First, different regions of the forebrain exhibited substantially different gene profile changes with age. For example, comparing equally powered groups, 5,029 probe sets were significantly altered with age in the superior-frontal gyrus, compared with 1,110 in the entorhinal cortex. Prominent change occurred in the sixth to seventh decades across cortical regions, suggesting that this period is a critical transition point in brain aging, particularly in males. Second, clear gender differences in brain aging were evident, suggesting that the brain undergoes sexually dimorphic changes in gene expression not only in development but also in later life. Globally across all brain regions, males showed more gene change than females. Further, Gene Ontology analysis revealed that different categories of genes were predominantly affected in males vs. females. Notably, the male brain was characterized by global decreased catabolic and anabolic capacity with aging, with down-regulated genes heavily enriched in energy production and protein synthesis/transport categories. Increased immune activation was a prominent feature of aging in both sexes, with proportionally greater activation in the female brain. These data open opportunities to explore age-dependent changes in gene expression that set the balance between neurodegeneration and compensatory mechanisms in the brain and suggest that this balance is set differently in males and females, an intriguing idea.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Male brains showed greater alterations in overall gene expression, although increased immune activation was characteristic of both sexes.
“Moreover, the male brains showed greater alterations in overall gene expression, altough increased immune activation was characteristic of both sexes (Berchtold et al, 2008).”
From Microglia Priming with Aging and Stress (2017) · cites this paper as Berchtold et al, 2008
In the human brain, 5029 genes in the superior frontal gyrus, compared with 1110 in the entorhinal cortex, were altered with age.
“For example, in the human brain, 5029 genes in the superior frontal gyrus, compared with 1110 in the entorhinal cortex, were altered with age.”
From Microglia Priming with Aging and Stress (2017) · cites this paper as Berchtold et al, 2008
Gene expression profile changes in aging occurred in a region-dependent and sexually dimorphic manner.
“Interestingly, gene expression profile changes in aging occurred in a region-dependent and sexually dimorphic manner.”
From Microglia Priming with Aging and Stress (2017) · cites this paper as Berchtold et al, 2008
Human studies report more pronounced expression of immune-related genes in the hippocampus and cortex of aged women.
“These findings are in line with human studies reporting more pronounced expression of immune-related genes in the hippocampus and cortex of aged women (Berchtold et al., 2008; Yuan et al., 2012).”
From Atlas of the aging mouse brain reveals white matter as vulnerable foci (2023) · cites this paper as Berchtold et al., 2008
Human MRI and microarray studies demonstrate that the entorhinal cortex displays only mild alterations during cognitively normal human aging, whereas it frequently exhibits the first amyloid deposition in AD patients.
“This is in line with human MRI (Feng et al., 2020) and microarray (Berchtold et al., 2008) studies demonstrating that the entorhinal cortex displays only mild alterations during cognitively normal human aging, whereas it frequently exhibits the first amyloid deposition in AD patients (Van Hoesen et al., 1991).”
From Atlas of the aging mouse brain reveals white matter as vulnerable foci (2023) · cites this paper as Berchtold et al., 2008
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
The Gene Ontology (GO) database and informatics resource
Gene Ontology Consortium (2003) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkh036 · Cited by 4,533 · see citing works
Gene regulation and DNA damage in the ageing human brain
Lu, T., Pan, Y., Kao, S.-Y., Li, C., Kohane, I., Chan, J., & Yankner, B. A. (2004) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature02661 · Cited by 1,874 · see citing works
Gene-expression profile of the ageing brain in mice
Lee, C.-K., Weindruch, R., & Prolla, T. A. (2000) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/77046 · Cited by 1,055 · see citing works
Tissue-specific expression and regulation of sexually dimorphic genes in mice
Yang, X., Schadt, E. E., Wang, S., Wang, H., Arnold, A. P., Ingram-Drake, L., Drake, T. A., & Lusis, A. J. (2006) · Genome Research · doi:10.1101/gr.5217506 · Cited by 922 · see citing works
Gur, R. C., Turetsky, B. I., Matsui, M., Yan, M., Bilker, W., Hughett, P., & Gur, R. E. (1999) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.19-10-04065.1999 · Cited by 909 · see citing works
Blalock, E. M., Chen, K.-C., Sharrow, K., Herman, J. P., Porter, N. M., Foster, T. C., & Landfield, P. W. (2003) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.23-09-03807.2003 · Cited by 570 · see citing works
Murphy, D., Decarli, C., Mcintosh, A. R., Daly, E., Mentis, M., Pietrini, P., Szczepanik, J., Schapiro, M., Grady, C., Horwitz, B., et al. (1996) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1996.01830070031007 · Cited by 552 · see citing works
Pakkenberg, B. (2003) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/s0531-5565(02)00151-1 · Cited by 485 · see citing works
Inflammatory networks in ageing, age-related diseases and longevity
Vasto, S., Candore, G., Balistreri, C. R., Caruso, M., Colonna‐Romano, G., Grimaldi, M. P., Listı̀, F., Nuzzo, D., Lio, D., & Caruso, C. (2006) · Mechanisms of Ageing and Development · doi:10.1016/j.mad.2006.11.015 · Cited by 481 · see citing works
The molecular inflammatory process in aging
Chung, H. Y., Sung, B., Jung, K. J., Zou, Y., & Yu, B. P. (2006) · Antioxidants & Redox Signaling · doi:10.1089/ars.2006.8.572 · Cited by 437 · see citing works
Sex Differences in Brain Aging
Coffey, C. E., Lucke, J. F., Saxton, J. A., Ratcliff, G. G., Unitas, L. J., Billig, B. K., & Bryan, R. N. (1998) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.55.2.169 · Cited by 434 · see citing works
Decreases in regional cerebral blood flow with normal aging
Martin, A. J., Friston, K. J., Colebatch, J. G., & Frackowiak, R. S. J. (1991) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1038/jcbfm.1991.121 · Cited by 393 · see citing works
Cahill, L. F., Uncapher, M. R., Kilpatrick, L. A., Alkire, M. T., & Turner, J. A. (2004) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.70504 · Cited by 362 · see citing works
The effects of aging on gene expression in the hypothalamus and cortex of mice
Jiang, C. H., Tsien, J. Z., Schultz, P. G., & Hu, Y. (2001) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.98.4.1930 · Cited by 318 · see citing works
Males and females differ in brain activation during cognitive tasks
Bell, E. C., Willson, M. C., Wilman, A. H., Dave, S., & Silverstone, P. H. (2005) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.09.049 · Cited by 302 · see citing works
Aging and the Occurrence of Dementia
Strauss, E. I. V., Viitanen, M. H., Ronchi, D. D., Winblad, B. G., & Fratiglioni, L. (1999) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.56.5.587 · Cited by 253 · see citing works
Molecular aging in human prefrontal cortex is selective and continuous throughout adult life
Erraji-Benchekroun, L., Underwood, M. D., Arango, V., Galfalvy, H., Pavlidis, P., Smyrniotopoulos, P., Mann, J. J., & Sibille, E. (2005) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.10.034 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Loessner, A., Alavi, A., Lewandrowski, K., Mozley, D. P., Souder, E., & Gur, R. E. (1995) · PubMed · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Neuronal expression of mRNAs for complement proteins of the classical pathway in Alzheimer brain.
Shen, Y., Li, R.-N., Mcgeer, E., & McGeer, P. (1997) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(97)00850-0 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Gender differences in the neural correlates of response inhibition during a stop signal task
Li, C.-S. R., Huang, C. X., Constable, R. T., & Sinha, R. (2006) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.05.017 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Gender differences in the functional neuroanatomy of emotional episodic autobiographical memory
Piefke, M., Weiss, P. H., Markowitsch, H. J., & Fink, G. R. (2005) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.20092 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Aging and Gene Expression in the Primate Brain
Fraser, H. B., Khaitovich, P., Plotkin, J. B., Pääbo, S., & Eisen, M. B. (2005) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0030274 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Dendritic extent in human dentate gyrus granule cells in normal aging and senile dementia
Flood, D. G., Buell, S. J., Horwitz, G. J., & Coleman, P. D. (1987) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(87)90027-8 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Self-citationGur, R. C., Gunning‐Dixon, F. M., Turetsky, B. I., Bilker, W. B., & Gur, R. E. (2002) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00019442-200201000-00009 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Blalock, E. M., Chen, K.-C., Stromberg, A. J., Norris, C. M., Kadish, I., Kraner, S. D., Porter, N. M., & Landfield, P. W. (2005) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2005.06.006 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
The effect of gender on planning: An fMRI study using the Tower of London task
Boghi, A., Rasetti, R., Avidano, F., Manzone, C., Orsi, L., D'Agata, F., Caroppo, P., Bergui, M., Rocca, P., Pulvirenti, L., et al. (2006) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.07.022 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Gender differences in cerebral glucose metabolism: a PET study
Kawachi, T., Ishii, K., Sakamoto, S., Matsui, M., Mori, T., & Sasaki, M. (2002) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/s0022-510x(02)00112-0 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Dendritic extent in human CA2–3 hippocampal pyramidal neurons in normal aging and senile dementia
Flood, D. G., Guarnaccia, M. M., & Coleman, P. D. (1987) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(87)90744-x · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Self-citationNg, M. (2007) · Heart Lung and Circulation · doi:10.1016/j.hlc.2007.02.108 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Bertoni–Freddari, C., Fattoretti, P., Giorgetti, B., Grossi, Y., Balietti, M., Casoli, T., Stefano, G. D., & Perretta, G. (2007) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1397.078 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Prevalence of dementia after age 90: Results from The 90+ Study
Corrada, M. M., Brookmeyer, R., Berlau, D., Paganini-Hill, A., & Kawas, C. H. (2008) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000310773.65918.cd · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The microglial sensome revealed by direct RNA sequencing
Hickman, S. E., Kingery, N. D., Ohsumi, T. K., Borowsky, M. L., Wang, L.-C., Means, T. K., & El Khoury, J. (2013) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.3554 · Cited by 1,511 · see citing works
Altered Histone Acetylation Is Associated with Age-Dependent Memory Impairment in Mice
Peleg, S., Sananbenesi, F., Zovoilis, A., Burkhardt, S., Bahari-Javan, S., Agis-Balboa, R. C., Cota, P., Wittnam, J. L., Gogol-Doering, A., Opitz, L., et al. (2010) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1186088 · Cited by 951 · see citing works
A chaperome subnetwork safeguards proteostasis in aging and neurodegenerative disease
Brehme, M., Voisine, C., Rolland, T., Wachi, S., Soper, J. H., Zhu, Y., Orton, K., Villella, A., Garza, D., Vidal, M., et al. (2014) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2014.09.042 · Cited by 584 · see citing works
Cribbs, D. H., Berchtold, N. C., Perreau, V., Coleman, P. D., Rogers, J., Tenner, A. J., & Cotman, C. W. (2012) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/1742-2094-9-179 · Cited by 499 · see citing works
Self-citationDivergence of human and mouse brain transcriptome highlights Alzheimer disease pathways
Miller, J. A., Horvath, S., & Geschwind, D. H. (2010) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0914257107 · Cited by 480 · see citing works
Environment and Brain Plasticity: Towards an Endogenous Pharmacotherapy
Sale, A., Berardi, N., & Maffei, L. (2014) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00036.2012 · Cited by 402 · see citing works
Microglia Priming with Aging and Stress
Niraula, A., Sheridan, J. F., & Godbout, J. P. (2017) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2016.185 · Cited by 398 · see citing works
Multilayered Genetic and Omics Dissection of Mitochondrial Activity in a Mouse Reference Population
Wu, Y., Williams, E. G., Dubuis, S., Mottis, A., Jovaisaite, V., Houten, S. M., Argmann, C. A., Faridi, P., Wolski, W., Kutalik, Z., et al. (2014) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2014.07.039 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
Sexually divergent induction of microglial-associated neuroinflammation with hippocampal aging
Mangold, C. A., Wronowski, B., Du, M., Masser, D. R., Hadad, N., Bixler, G. V., Brucklacher, R. M., Ford, M. M., Sonntag, W. E., & Freeman, W. M. (2017) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-017-0920-8 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Maintenance of age in human neurons generated by microRNA-based neuronal conversion of fibroblasts
Huh, C. J., Zhang, B., Victor, M. B., Dahiya, S., Batista, L. F., Horvath, S., & Yoo, A. S. (2016) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.18648 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
“‘Aging’ transcriptome and microRNAs in reprogrammed neurons Given the broad variability in gene expression with age in multiple cell types (Berchtold et al., 2008; Lu et al., 2004; Fraser et al., 2005; Glass et al., 2013) and a recent demonstration of main- tenance of age-associated transcriptomic…”
BackgroundSex: A Significant Risk Factor for Neurodevelopmental and Neurodegenerative Disorders
Pinares-Garcia, P., Stratikopoulos, M., Zagato, A., Loke, H., & Lee, J. (2018) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci8080154 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Atlas of the aging mouse brain reveals white matter as vulnerable foci
Hahn, O., Foltz, A. G., Atkins, M., Kedir, B., Moran-Losada, P., Guldner, I. H., Munson, C., Kern, F., Pálovics, R., Lu, N., et al. (2023) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2023.07.027 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Kelley, K. W., Nakao-Inoue, H., Molofsky, A. V., & Oldham, M. C. (2018) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-018-0216-z · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Wes, P. D., Holtman, I. R., Boddeke, E. W. G. M., Möller, T., & Eggen, B. J. L. (2016) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.22866 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Astrocyte Senescence and Alzheimer’s Disease: A Review
Han, X., Zhang, T., Liu, H., Mi, Y., & Gou, X. (2020) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2020.00148 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Ossenkoppele, R., Lyoo, C. H., Jester-Broms, J., Sudre, C. H., Cho, H., Ryu, Y. H., Choi, J. Y., Smith, R., Strandberg, O., Palmqvist, S., et al. (2020) · JAMA Neurology · doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2019.5154 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Exploring Sex-Related Differences in Microglia May Be a Game-Changer in Precision Medicine
Lynch, M. A. (2022) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2022.868448 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Transcriptional Signatures of Aging
Stegeman, R., & Weake, V. M. (2017) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2017.06.019 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
APOE Stabilization by Exercise Prevents Aging Neurovascular Dysfunction and Complement Induction
Soto, I., Graham, L. C., Richter, H. J., Simeone, S. N., Radell, J. E., Grabowska, W., Funkhouser, W. K., Howell, M. C., & Howell, G. R. (2015) · PLOS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1002279 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Berchtold, N. C., Sabbagh, M. N., Beach, T. G., Kim, R. C., Cribbs, D. H., & Cotman, C. W. (2014) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.03.031 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Self-citationNeuropathological and transcriptomic characteristics of the aged brain
Miller, J. A., Guillozet-Bongaarts, A., Gibbons, L. E., Postupna, N., Renz, A., Beller, A. E., Sunkin, S. M., Ng, L., Rose, S. E., Smith, K. A., et al. (2017) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.31126 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
VanGuilder, H. D., Bixler, G. V., Brucklacher, R. M., Farley, J. A., Yan, H., Warrington, J. P., Sonntag, W. E., & Freeman, W. M. (2011) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/1742-2094-8-138 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Sex-Specific Gene Expression and Life Span Regulation
Tower, J. (2017) · Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.tem.2017.07.002 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Inflammasome-mediated innate immunity in Alzheimer’s disease
Venegas, C., & Heneka, M. T. (2019) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.201900439 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Chouliaras, L., L.A. van den Hove, D., Kenis, G., Keitel, S., R. Hof, P., van Os, J., W.M. Steinbusch, H., Schmitz, C., & P.F. Rutten, B. (2012) · Current Alzheimer Research · doi:10.2174/156720512800618035 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Patir, A., Shih, B., McColl, B. W., & Freeman, T. C. (2019) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.23572 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Hargis, K. E., & Blalock, E. M. (2017) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2016.05.007 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Prevention of age-related changes in hippocampal levels of 5-methylcytidine by caloric restriction
Chouliaras, L., van den Hove, D. L. A., Kenis, G., Keitel, S., Hof, P. R., van Os, J., Steinbusch, H. W. M., Schmitz, C., & Rutten, B. P. F. (2012) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2011.06.003 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer’s disease: Pleiotropic roles for cytokines and neuronal pentraxins
Swanson, A., Wolf, T., Sitzmann, A., & Willette, A. A. (2018) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2018.02.015 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Karunakaran, K. B., Chaparala, S., Lo, C. W., & Ganapathiraju, M. K. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-72024-4 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Microglia recapitulate a hematopoietic master regulator network in the aging human frontal cortex
Wehrspaun, C. C., Haerty, W., & Ponting, C. P. (2015) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2015.04.008 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Georgiev, D., Arion, D., Enwright, J. F., Kikuchi, M., Minabe, Y., Corradi, J. P., Lewis, D. A., & Hashimoto, T. (2014) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.13040468 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Dietary Restriction and Neuroinflammation: A Potential Mechanistic Link
Bok, E., Jo, M., Lee, S., Lee, B.-R., Kim, J., & Kim, H.-J. (2019) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms20030464 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Alzheimer’s disease-related transcriptional sex differences in myeloid cells
Coales, I., Tsartsalis, S., Fancy, N., Weinert, M., Clode, D., Owen, D., & Matthews, P. M. (2022) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-022-02604-w · Cited by 49 · see citing works
AlzBase: An Integrative Database for Gene Dysregulation in Alzheimer’s Disease
Bai, Z., Han, G., Xie, B., Wang, J., Song, F., Peng, X., & Lei, H. (2016) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-014-9011-3 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Miclea, A., Salmen, A., Zoehner, G., Diem, L., Kamm, C. P., Chaloulos‐Iakovidis, P., Miclea, M., Briner, M., Kilidireas, K., Stefanis, L., et al. (2019) · CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/cns.13083 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Katsumata, Y., Nelson, P. T., Estus, S., & Fardo, D. W. (2019) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2018.10.017 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
The transcriptional and cellular landscape of cognitive resilience to Alzheimer’s disease
Khera, N., Raju, R. M., & Lipton, S. A. (2025) · Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnmol.2025.1665802 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
- Authors
- Berchtold, N. C., Cribbs, D. H., Coleman, P. D., Rogers, J., Head, E., Kim, R., Beach, T., Miller, C., Troncoso, J., Trojanowski, J. Q., Zielke, H. R., & Cotman, C. W.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Irvine (US)
- University of Rochester Medicine (US)
- Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ 85372;
- University of Southern California (US)
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- University of Maryland, Baltimore (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2008-10-07
- Volume
- 105
- Issue
- 40
- Pages
- 15605-15610
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC2563070
- OpenAlex
- W2114926230
- Cited by
- 626
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 23 · 2025: 36 · 2024: 49 · 2023: 50 · 2022: 53 · 2021: 41 · 2020: 43 · 2019: 54 · 2018: 53 · 2017: 37 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 33 · 2014: 27 · 2013: 23 · 2012: 24
- FWCI
- 5.51
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (P01AG000538, P50 AG 16573, U01AG016976, AG 00538, P50AG016573, R01AG023173)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Aging › Genetics, Aging, and Longevity in Model Organisms
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Single-cell and spatial transcriptomics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Keywords
- brain aging, gene expression, sex differences, hippocampus, entorhinal cortex, superior frontal gyrus, postcentral gyrus, immune activation, energy metabolism, protein synthesis, neurodegeneration, compensatory mechanisms
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Aging, Brain, Female, Gender Identity, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Sex Characteristics, Gene Expression, Gene Expression Profiling
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
