Cited by 422Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration MechanismsInflammasome and immune disordersTraumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular Disturbances

Microglial priming and enhanced reactivity to secondary insult in aging, and traumatic CNS injury, and neurodegenerative disease

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Norden, Diana M., Muccigrosso, Megan M., Godbout, Jonathan P.·2015·Neuropharmacology

Abstract

Glia of the central nervous system (CNS) help to maintain homeostasis in the brain and support efficient neuronal function. Microglia are innate immune cells of the brain that mediate responses to pathogens and injury. They have key roles in phagocytic clearing, surveying the local microenvironment and propagating inflammatory signals. An interruption in homeostasis induces a cascade of conserved adaptive responses in glia. This response involves biochemical, physiological and morphological changes and is associated with the production of cytokines and secondary mediators that influence synaptic plasticity, cognition and behavior. This reorganization of host priorities represents a beneficial response that is normally adaptive but may become maladaptive when the profile of microglia is compromised. For instance, microglia can develop a primed or pro-inflammatory mRNA, protein and morphological profile with aging, traumatic brain injury and neurodegenerative disease. As a result, primed microglia exhibit an exaggerated inflammatory response to secondary and sub-threshold challenges. Consequences of exaggerated inflammatory responses by microglia include the development of cognitive deficits, impaired synaptic plasticity and accelerated neurodegeneration. Moreover, impairments in regulatory systems in these circumstances may make microglia more resistant to negative feedback and important functions of glia can become compromised and dysfunctional. Overall, the purpose of this review is to discuss key concepts of microglial priming and immune-reactivity in the context of aging, traumatic CNS injury and neurodegenerative disease. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Neuroimmunology and Synaptic Function'.

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  • A primed microglia profile includes increased basal expression of inflammatory markers and mediators, decreased activation threshold to express and release pro-inflammatory molecules, and exaggerated inflammatory response to immune challenge.

    “A primed microglia profile includes (1) increased basal expression of inflammatory markers and mediators, (2) decreased activation threshold to express and release pro-inflammatory molecules, and (3) exaggerated inflammatory response to immune challenge (93).”

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Authors
Norden, D. M., Muccigrosso, M. M., & Godbout, J. P.
Affiliations
  • The Ohio State University (US)
  • The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center (US)
Corresponding author
Godbout, Jonathan P.
Venue
Neuropharmacology
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2015-09
Volume
96
Issue
Pt A
Pages
29-41
ISSN
0028-3908 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W2051504363
Cited by
413
References
156
Citations by year
2026: 37 · 2025: 36 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 37 · 2021: 44 · 2020: 41 · 2019: 33 · 2018: 41 · 2017: 34 · 2016: 29 · 2015: 21
FWCI
2.26
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Neuropharmacology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders
NIH (R01-AG-033028)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Inflammasome and immune disorders
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular Disturbances
Keywords
microglial priming, microglial activation, aging, traumatic brain injury, neurodegenerative diseases, neuroinflammation, secondary injury, cognitive impairment, synaptic plasticity, neurodegeneration, innate immunity, neuroimmunology
MeSH terms
Aging, Astrocytes, Brain Injuries, Encephalitis, Craniocerebral Trauma, Humans, Male, Neuronal Plasticity, Microglia, Inflammation Mediators, Neurodegenerative Diseases, Illness Behavior

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