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Cited by 126Diet and metabolism studiesObesity, Physical Activity, DietDietary Effects on Health

Effects of a popular exercise and weight loss program on weight loss, body composition, energy expenditure and health in obese women

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Kerksick, Chad, Thomas, Ashli, Campbell, Bill, Taylor, Lem, Wilborn, Colin, Marcello, Brandon, Roberts, Mike, Pfau, Emily +6 more·2009·Nutrition & Metabolism
DOI 10.1186/1743-7075-6-23PMC PMC2693519
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Abstract

OBJECTIVE: To determine the safety and efficacy of altering the ratio of carbohydrate and protein in low-energy diets in conjunction with a popular exercise program in obese women. DESIGN: Matched, prospective clinical intervention study to assess efficacy of varying ratios of carbohydrate and protein intake in conjunction with a regular exercise program. PARTICIPANTS: One-hundred sixty one sedentary, obese, pre-menopausal women (38.5 ± 8.5 yrs, 164.2 ± 6.7 cm, 94.2 ± 18.8 kg, 34.9 ± 6.4 kg.m⁻², 43.8 ± 4.2%) participated in this study. Participants were weight stable and not participating in additional weight loss programs. METHODS: Participants were assigned to either a no exercise + no diet control (CON), a no diet + exercise group (ND), or one of four diet + exercise groups (presented as kcals; % carbohydrate: protein: fat): 1) a high energy, high carbohydrate, low protein diet (HED) [2,600; 55:15:30%], 2) a very low carbohydrate, high protein diet (VLCHP) [1,200 kcals; 63:7:30%], 3) a low carbohydrate, moderate protein diet (LCMP) [1,200 kcals; 50:20:30%] and 4) a high carbohydrate, low protein diet (HCLP) [1,200 kcals; 55:15:30%]. Participants in exercise groups (all but CON) performed a pneumatic resistance-based, circuit training program under supervision three times per week. MEASUREMENTS: Anthropometric, body composition, resting energy expenditure (REE), fasting blood samples and muscular fitness assessments were examined at baseline and weeks 2, 10 and 14. RESULTS: All groups except CON experienced significant reductions (P < 0.05 - 0.001) in waist circumference over 14 weeks. VLCHP, LCHP and LPHC participants experienced similar but significant (P < 0.05 - 0.001) reductions in body mass when compared to other groups. Delta responses indicated that fat loss after 14 weeks was significantly greatest in VLCHP (95% CI: -5.2, -3.2 kg), LCMP (-4.0, -1.9 kg) and HCLP (-3.8, -2.1 kg) when compared to other groups. Subsequent reductions in % body fat were significantly greater in VLCHP, LCMP and HCLP participants. Initial dieting decreased (P < 0.05) relative REE similarly in all groups. All exercise groups significantly (P < 0.05) improved in muscular fitness, but these improvements were not different among groups. Favorable but non-significant mean changes occurred in lipid panels, glucose and HOMA-IR. Leptin levels decreased (P < 0.05) in all groups, except for CON, after two weeks of dieting and remained lower throughout the 14 week program. Exercise participation resulted in significant improvements in quality of life and body image. CONCLUSION: Exercise alone (ND) appears to have minimal impact on measured outcomes with positive outcomes apparent when exercise is combined with a hypoenergetic diet. Greater improvements in waist circumference and body composition occurred when carbohydrate is replaced in the diet with protein. Weight loss in all diet groups (VLCHP, LCMP and HCLP) was primarily fat and stimulated improvements in markers of cardiovascular disease risk, body composition, energy expenditure and psychosocial parameters.

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  • Increasing dietary protein can promote loss of fat mass when higher intakes of daily protein (2-3× the RDA) are combined with an exercise program and a hypoenergetic diet.

    “can also promote the loss of fat mass when higher intakes of daily protein (2-3× the RDA) are combined with an exercise program and a hypoenergetic diet.”

    From International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: protein and exercise (2017) · cites this paper as [43]

    The Discussion (page not specified) reports fat-mass loss with calorie-restricted diets and exercise, but the greater loss in the higher-protein groups versus the lower-protein group was not statistically significant. It also reports protein intakes of 0.9–1.1 g/kg/day, described as above RDA guidelines, rather than the claimed 2–3 times the RDA. (LLM, conf=0.88)

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  • In 161 obese women over 14 weeks, groups with calorie restriction and exercise showed markedly greater reductions in body weight compared to women who did exercise without calorie restriction, but significant declines in lean body mass were still noted (approximately 11-23% of weight lost).

    “Collectively, these groups showed markedly greater reductions in body weight compared to women that did not reduce calorie intake but did the exercise program, but significant declines in LBM were still noted (approximately 11–23% of the weight lost) [26].”

    From Body Composition Changes in Weight Loss: Strategies and Supplementation for Maintaining Lean Body Mass, a Brief Review (2018) · cites this paper as [26]

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Authors
Kerksick, C., Thomas, A., Campbell, B., Taylor, L., Wilborn, C., Marcello, B., Roberts, M., Pfau, E., Grimstvedt, M., Opusunju, J., Magrans-Courtney, T., Rasmussen, C., Wilson, R., & Kreider, R. B.
Affiliations
  • University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center (US)
  • Baylor University (US)
  • University of South Florida (US)
  • University of Mary Hardin–Baylor (US)
  • Stanford University (US)
  • University of Oklahoma (US)
  • Texas A&M University (US)
Corresponding author
Kreider, Richard B
ORCID
Venue
Nutrition & Metabolism
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2009-05-14
Volume
6
Issue
1
Pages
23-23
ISSN
1743-7075 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1186/1743-7075-6-23
PMC
PMC2693519
OpenAlex
W2078638494
Cited by
126
References
10
Citations by year
2026: 5 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 10
FWCI
7.76
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
cc-by
Locations
  • Nutrition & Metabolism (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
  • OakTrust (Texas A&M University Libraries) (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Diet and metabolism studies
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Dietary Effects on Health
Keywords
obesity, weight loss, low-carbohydrate diet, high-carbohydrate diet, low-protein diet, physical activity, resistance training, circuit training, body composition, fat loss, resting energy expenditure, energy expenditure, waist circumference, premenopausal women, dietary intervention, muscular fitness, health outcomes, treatment efficacy and safety, sedentary women

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