Effect of Calorie Restriction with or without Exercise on Body Composition and Fat Distribution
Open accessAbstract
CONTEXT: There is debate over the independent and combined effects of dieting and increased physical activity on improving metabolic risk factors (body composition and fat distribution). OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to conduct a randomized, controlled trial (CALERIE) to test the effect of a 25% energy deficit by diet alone or diet plus exercise for 6 months on body composition and fat distribution. DESIGN: This was a randomized, controlled trial. SETTING: The study was conducted at an institutional research center. PARTICIPANTS: Thirty-five of 36 overweight but otherwise healthy participants (16 males, 19 females) completed the study. INTERVENTION: Participants were randomized to either control (healthy weight maintenance diet, n = 11), caloric restriction (CR; 25% reduction in energy intake, n = 12), or caloric restriction plus exercise (CR+EX; 12.5% reduction in energy intake + 12.5% increase in exercise energy expenditure, n = 12) for 6 months. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Changes in body composition by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and changes in abdominal fat distribution by multislice computed tomography were measured. RESULTS: The calculated energy deficit across the intervention was not different between CR and CR+EX. Participants lost approximately 10% of body weight (CR: - 8.3 +/- 0.8, CR+EX: - 8.1 +/- 0.8 kg, P = 1.00), approximately 24% of fat mass (CR: - 5.8 +/- 0.6, CR+EX: - 6.4 +/- 0.6 kg, P = 0.99), and 27% of abdominal visceral fat (CR: 0.9 +/- 0.2, CR+EX: 0.8 +/- 0.2 kg, P = 1.00). Both whole-body and abdominal fat distribution were not altered by the intervention. CONCLUSION: Exercise plays an equivalent role to CR in terms of energy balance; however, it can also improve aerobic fitness, which has other important cardiovascular and metabolic implications.
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Subjects in the Redman et al. study lost a similar amount of weight (6%) after 12 weeks compared with subjects in this study (7%), despite exercising more frequently per week and for longer durations.
“Interestingly, subjects in the Redman et al. (18) study lost a similar amount of weight (6%) after 12 weeks when compared with the subjects in this study (7%), despite exercising more frequently per week and for longer durations.”
From Alternate day fasting and endurance exercise combine to reduce body weight and favorably alter plasma lipids in obese humans (2013) · cites this paper as [18]
In a recent study by Redman et al., obese men and women combined daily calorie restriction (25% reduction in energy intake) with a supervised endurance exercise program (5 days/week, 60-minute duration, moderate intensity), and after 12 weeks body weight was reduced by 6% from baseline.
“In a recent study by Redman et al. (18), obese men and women participated in an intervention that combined daily CR (25% reduction in energy intake) with a supervised endurance exercise program (5 d/week, 60-min duration, moderate intensity).After 12 weeks of treatment, body weight was reduced by 6% from baseline (18).”
From Alternate day fasting and endurance exercise combine to reduce body weight and favorably alter plasma lipids in obese humans (2013) · cites this paper as [18]
Caloric restriction robustly improves body composition and reduces obesity.
“Caloric restriction (CR) has been shown to robustly improve body composition and reduce obesity.82-84”
From Hormonal and Metabolic Changes of Aging and the Influence of Lifestyle Modifications (2021) · cites this paper as [82]
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- Authors
- Redman, L. M., Heilbronn, L. K., Martin, C. K., Alfonso, A., Smith, S. R., Ravussin, E., & for the Pennington CALERIE Team
- Affiliations
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center (US)
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70808
- Venue
- The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
- Publisher
- The Endocrine Society
- Published
- 2007-03-01
- Volume
- 92
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 865-872
- ISSN
- 0021-972X (ISSN-L)
- 1945-7197
- PMC
- PMC2692618
- OpenAlex
- W2100332091
- Cited by
- 293
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 23 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 17.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Adelaide Research & Scholarship (AR&S) (University of Adelaide) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (U01AG020478, U01-AG20478)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (P30DK072476)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Dietary Effects on Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
- Keywords
- caloric restriction, physical activity, body composition, body fat distribution, visceral fat, abdominal fat, negative energy balance, overweight, weight loss, fat mass, energy balance, cardiorespiratory fitness, metabolic risk factors
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Body Composition, Body Weight, Energy Metabolism, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Radiography, Exercise, Caloric Restriction, Subcutaneous Fat, Intra-Abdominal Fat, Abdominal Fat, Overweight, Body Fat Distribution
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