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Fructose metabolism in humans – what isotopic tracer studies tell us

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Sun, Sam Z, Empie, Mark W·2012·Nutrition & Metabolism
DOI 10.1186/1743-7075-9-89PMC PMC3533803
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Abstract

Fructose consumption and its implications on public health are currently under study. This work reviewed the metabolic fate of dietary fructose based on isotope tracer studies in humans. The mean oxidation rate of dietary fructose was 45.0% ± 10.7 (mean ± SD) in non-exercising subjects within 3-6 hours and 45.8% ± 7.3 in exercising subjects within 2-3 hours. When fructose was ingested together with glucose, the mean oxidation rate of the mixed sugars increased to 66.0% ± 8.2 in exercising subjects. The mean conversion rate from fructose to glucose was 41% ± 10.5 (mean ± SD) in 3-6 hours after ingestion. The conversion amount from fructose to glycogen remains to be further clarified. A small percentage of ingested fructose (<1%) appears to be directly converted to plasma TG. However, hyperlipidemic effects of larger amounts of fructose consumption are observed in studies using infused labeled acetate to quantify longer term de novo lipogenesis. While the mechanisms for the hyperlipidemic effect remain controversial, energy source shifting and lipid sparing may play a role in the effect, in addition to de novo lipogenesis. Finally, approximately a quarter of ingested fructose can be converted into lactate within a few of hours. The reviewed data provides a profile of how dietary fructose is utilized in humans.

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  • Some conversion of fructose into glucose is subsequently stored directly as liver glycogen, accounting for at least >15% of fructose disposal at rest.

    “In addition, there is some conversion of fructose into glucose that is subsequently stored directly as liver glycogen, which seems to account for at least > 15% of fructose disposal at rest. (Tappy & Le, 2010; Sun & Empie, 2012).”

    From Fructose co‐ingestion to increase carbohydrate availability in athletes (2019) · cites this paper as Sun & Empie, 2012

    The Method section (“Metabolic fate of dietary fructose”; page unavailable) says a portion of fructose is incorporated into glycogen after conversion to glucose and reports increased liver glycogen after fructose infusion. It also says the extent of that conversion is unknown, so it does not support the claim that liver glycogen accounts for more than 15% of fructose disposal at rest. (LLM, conf=0.90)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Over a 6-h period, up to approximately 50% of ingested fructose can be found in the circulation as glucose, with conversion primarily in the liver.

    “Over a 6‐h period, up to ∼50% of ingested fructose can be found in the circulation as glucose, the conversion of which seems to occur primarily in the liver.”

    From Fructose co‐ingestion to increase carbohydrate availability in athletes (2019) · cites this paper as Sun & Empie, 2012

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Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Sun, S. Z., & Empie, M. W.
Affiliations
Archer Daniels Midland (United States) (US)
Corresponding author
Sun, Sam Z
Venue
Nutrition & Metabolism
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2012
Volume
9
Issue
1
Pages
89
ISSN
1743-7075 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1186/1743-7075-9-89
PMC
PMC3533803
OpenAlex
W2104918317
Cited by
311
References
9
Citations by year
2026: 12 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 33 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 28 · 2017: 29 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 6
FWCI
12.83
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
cc-by
Locations
  • Nutrition & Metabolism (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diet, Metabolism, and Disease
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Metabolism, Diabetes, and Cancer
Keywords
fructose metabolism, dietary fructose, fructose oxidation, de novo lipogenesis, hyperlipidemia, physical activity, lactic acid production, glucose-fructose mixtures, isotope tracers

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