Update in the methodology of the chronic stress paradigm: internal control matters
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To date, the reliability of induction of a depressive-like state using chronic stress models is confronted by many methodological limitations. We believe that the modifications to the stress paradigm in mice proposed herein allow some of these limitations to be overcome. Here, we discuss a variant of the standard stress paradigm, which results in anhedonia. This anhedonic state was defined by a decrease in sucrose preference that was not exhibited by all animals. As such, we propose the use of non-anhedonic, stressed mice as an internal control in experimental mouse models of depression. The application of an internal control for the effects of stress, along with optimized behavioural testing, can enable the analysis of biological correlates of stress-induced anhedonia versus the consequences of stress alone in a chronic-stress depression model. This is illustrated, for instance, by distinct physiological and molecular profiles in anhedonic and non-anhedonic groups subjected to stress. These results argue for the use of a subgroup of individuals who are negative for the induction of a depressive phenotype during experimental paradigms of depression as an internal control, for more refined modeling of this disorder in animals.
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The chronic stress paradigm is considered to have greater etiological relevance and face validity in mimicking MDD than other animal models, and has become one of the most widely used preclinical paradigms of affective disorders.
“The chronic stress paradigm is considered to have a greater etiological relevance and face validity in mimicking MDD than other animal models, and therefore has become one of the most widely used preclinical paradigms of affective disorders [195].”
From Reward circuitry dysfunction in psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders and genetic syndromes: animal models and clinical findings (2012) · cites this paper as [195]
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Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Strekalova T Steinbusch H Gould T Factors of reproducibility of stress-induced anhedonia in chronic stress depression models in mice Mood and Anxiety related phenotypes in mice: characterization using behavioral tests 2009 Totowa, NJ, Humana Press 153 176
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- Authors
- Strekalova, T., Couch, Y., Kholod, N., Boyks, M., Malin, D., Leprince, P., & Steinbusch, H. M.
- Affiliations
- Maastricht University (NL)
- University of Oxford (GB)
- Northwestern University (US)
- University of Liège (BE)
- Corresponding author
- Strekalova, Tatyana
- Venue
- Behavioral and Brain Functions
- Published
- 2011
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 9
- ISSN
- 1744-9081 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3111355
- OpenAlex
- W2155081002
- Cited by
- 163
- References
- 129
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 0.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Behavioral and Brain Functions (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- ORBi (University of Liège) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- National Alliance for Research on Schizophrenia and Depression
- Russian Foundation for Basic Research (11-04-01411)
- Transnationale Universiteit Limburg
- Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (N 09501)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Treatment of Major Depression
- Keywords
- chronic stress, depression, anhedonia, internal control, sucrose preference, mouse model of depression, behavioral assessment
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Disease Models, Animal, Drinking, Food Preferences, Locomotion, Research Design, Stress, Psychological, Citalopram, Gene Expression Profiling, Control Groups, Mice, Pleasure
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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