The DOI matches its Crossref record; 102 of the 102 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 49 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Implementation strategies: recommendations for specifying and reporting
Open accessAbstract
Implementation strategies have unparalleled importance in implementation science, as they constitute the 'how to' component of changing healthcare practice. Yet, implementation researchers and other stakeholders are not able to fully utilize the findings of studies focusing on implementation strategies because they are often inconsistently labelled and poorly described, are rarely justified theoretically, lack operational definitions or manuals to guide their use, and are part of 'packaged' approaches whose specific elements are poorly understood. We address the challenges of specifying and reporting implementation strategies encountered by researchers who design, conduct, and report research on implementation strategies. Specifically, we propose guidelines for naming, defining, and operationalizing implementation strategies in terms of seven dimensions: actor, the action, action targets, temporality, dose, implementation outcomes addressed, and theoretical justification. Ultimately, implementation strategies cannot be used in practice or tested in research without a full description of their components and how they should be used. As with all intervention research, their descriptions must be precise enough to enable measurement and 'reproducibility.' We propose these recommendations to improve the reporting of implementation strategies in research studies and to stimulate further identification of elements pertinent to implementation strategies that should be included in reporting guidelines for implementation strategies.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This paper argues that implementation strategies are inconsistently labelled and poorly described, limiting replication, meta-analysis, and practice use. It proposes reporting standards for naming, defining, and operationalizing strategies across seven dimensions: actor, action, action targets, temporality, dose, implementation outcomes addressed, and theoretical justification.
Key findings
- Implementation strategies often lack consistent labels, theoretical justification, operational definitions or manuals, and are part of packaged approaches whose specific elements are poorly understood; this impedes searching, meta-analysis, and replication.
- The authors propose seven dimensions for specification: actor, action, action targets, temporality, dose, implementation outcomes affected, and justification (theoretical, empirical, or pragmatic).
- They recommend two standards: all implementation studies should name and define strategies using existing literature/taxonomies, and specify/operationalize them across the seven dimensions, ideally with manuals or protocols.
- Examples cited include Powell et al.’s menu of 68 implementation strategies grouped by six processes, Michie et al.’s taxonomy of 93 behavior change techniques, Eccles et al.’s five modifiable audit-and-feedback elements producing 288 potential forms, and a review of 61 conceptual models finding 98% addressed more than one of five socioecological levels.
Methods
- Design: conceptual/recommendation paper, not an empirical study; the authors synthesize prior literature and existing reporting guidelines such as WIDER, SQUIRE, and the Equator Network.
- Data or sample: no study sample or dataset; illustrative examples and tables are used, including Table 1 prerequisites and Table 2 specification of “clinical supervision” and “clinician implementation team.”
- Main analysis: narrative argument and proposed extension of reporting guidelines; no statistical analysis is reported.
Limitations
- The paper does not report a formal limitations section; the authors acknowledge room for national or international consensus processes to formalize and extend the proposed guidelines.
- Evident from the text: the recommendations are not empirically tested here, and no data are presented on whether adopting them improves reproducibility, meta-analysis, or implementation outcomes.
- Evident from the text: the scope is limited to specification and reporting of implementation strategies, not a comprehensive reporting guideline for all implementation research designs.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
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Verification
Claims the paper makes
23 Not checked yet · 14 Own interpretation · 2 No basis given
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“are rarely justified theoretically [10,11]”
§ Implementation strategies: recommendations for specifying and reporting > The need for better specification and reporting of implementation strategies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [10] Davies P, Walker AE, Grimshaw JM: A systematic review of the use of theory in the design of guideline dissemination and implementation strategies and interpretation of the results of rigorous evaluations. Implement Sci. 2010, 5: 1-6. 10.1186/1748-5908-5-1. source
- Not checked yetcites [11] Colquhoun HL, Brehaut JC, Sales A, Ivers N, Grimshaw J, Michie S, Carroll K, Cahlifoux M, Eva KW: A systematic review of the use of theory in randomized controlled trials of audit and feedback. Implement Sci. 2013, 8: 1-8. 10.1186/1748-5908-8-1. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“are part of ‘packaged’ approaches whose specific elements are poorly understood [12]”
§ Implementation strategies: recommendations for specifying and reporting > The need for better specification and reporting of implementation strategies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [12] Alexander JA, Hearld LR: Methods and metrics challenges of delivery-systems research. Implement Sci. 2012, 7: 1-11. 10.1186/1748-5908-7-1. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Hysong [68] has produced a meta-analysis that documents how different features of audit and feedback impact its effectiveness.”
§ Implementation strategies: recommendations for specifying and reporting > The need for better specification and reporting of implementation strategies > Prerequisites to studying implementation strategies empirically
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [68] Hysong SJ: Audit and feedback features impact effectiveness on care quality. Med Care. 2009, 47: 1-8. 10.1097/MLR.0b013e3181808bb5. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As with clinical interventions, assessing the fidelity of implementation strategy delivery enables a clear test of effectiveness by showing whether or not the strategy was delivered as intended.”
§ Implementation strategies: recommendations for specifying and reporting > The need for better specification and reporting of implementation strategies > Prerequisites to studying implementation strategies empirically
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The order or sequence of strategy use may be critical in some cases.”
§ Implementation strategies: recommendations for specifying and reporting > The need for better specification and reporting of implementation strategies > Prerequisites to studying implementation strategies empirically
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [77] Lyon AR, Wiltsey Stirman S, Kerns SEU, Burns EJ: Developing the mental health workforce: review and application of training approaches from multiple disciplines. Adm Policy Ment Health. 2011, 38: 238-253. 10.1007/s10488-010-0331-y. source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Accordingly, implementation strategies may vary in appropriateness and effectiveness across such phases.”
§ Implementation strategies: recommendations for specifying and reporting > The need for better specification and reporting of implementation strategies > Prerequisites to studying implementation strategies empirically
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Worse yet, the lack of clarity and depth in the description of implementation strategies within the published literature precludes replication in both research and practice.”
§ Implementation strategies: recommendations for specifying and reporting > The need for better specification and reporting of implementation strategies
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: unclear — It is unclear whether it could be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Implementation strategies often lack operational definitions or manuals to guide their use.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“however, there is some theoretical and empirical precedent for relying upon individuals who have more credibility with those whose behavior is expected to change (e.g., the literature on opinion leaders [48,72,73]).”
§ Implementation strategies: recommendations for specifying and reporting > The need for better specification and reporting of implementation strategies > Prerequisites to studying implementation strategies empirically
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [48] Atkins MS, Frazier SL, Leathers SJ, Graczyk PA, Talbott E, Jakobsons L, Adil JA, Marinez-Lora A, Demirtas H, Gibbons RB, Bell CC: Teacher key opinion leaders and mental health consultation in low-income urban schools. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2008, 76: 905-908. source
- Not checked yetcites [72] Flodgren G, Parmelli E, Doumit G, Gattellari M, O’Brien MA, Grimshaw J, Eccles MP: Local opinion leaders: effects on professional practice and health care outcomes. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2011, Art. No (Issue 8): CD000125-doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD000125.pub4
- Not checked yetcites [73] Rogers EM: Diffusion of innovations. 2003, New York: Free Press, 5
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The phased nature of implementation is also highlighted in several theories, conceptual models, and frameworks.”
§ Implementation strategies: recommendations for specifying and reporting > The need for better specification and reporting of implementation strategies > Prerequisites to studying implementation strategies empirically
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [23] Fixsen DL, Naoom SF, Blase KA, Friedman RM, Wallace F: Implementation research: a synthesis of the literature (No. FMHI publication #231). 2005, Tampa, FL: University of South Florida, Louis de la Parte Florida Mental Health Institute, National Implementation Research Network
- Not checked yetcites [42] Damschroder LJ, Aron DC, Keith RE, Kirsh SR, Alexander JA, Lowery JC: Fostering implementation of health services research findings into practice: a consolidated framework for advancing implementation science. Implement Sci. 2009, 4: 1-15. 10.1186/1748-5908-4-1. source
- Not checked yetcites [78] Aarons GA, Hurlburt M, Horwitz SM: Advancing a conceptual model of evidence-based practice implementation in public service sectors. Adm Policy Ment Health. 2011, 38: 4-23. 10.1007/s10488-010-0327-7. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Yet this is not sufficient for full specification.”
§ Implementation strategies: recommendations for specifying and reporting > The need for better specification and reporting of implementation strategies > Prerequisites to studying implementation strategies empirically
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 7
- Probably not a substantial claim. 22
In the paper
“Implementation strategies are often inconsistently labelled and poorly described [9]”
§ Implementation strategies: recommendations for specifying and reporting > The need for better specification and reporting of implementation strategies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [9] Michie S, Fixsen DL, Grimshaw JM, Eccles MP: Specifying and reporting complex behaviour change interventions: the need for a scientific method. Implement Sci. 2009, 4: 1-6. 10.1186/1748-5908-4-1. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All these factors significantly contribute to the challenge of measuring, testing, and effectively employing implementation strategies in actual healthcare practice.”
§ Implementation strategies: recommendations for specifying and reporting > The need for better specification and reporting of implementation strategies > Prerequisites to studying implementation strategies empirically
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some strategies could, arguably, be employed only by certain actors.”
§ Implementation strategies: recommendations for specifying and reporting > The need for better specification and reporting of implementation strategies > Prerequisites to studying implementation strategies empirically
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The selection of implementation strategies may be justified by prospective assessments that identify potential needs, barriers, or facilitators—sometimes termed ‘determinants of practice’ [43,55,85,86].”
§ Implementation strategies: recommendations for specifying and reporting > The need for better specification and reporting of implementation strategies > Prerequisites to studying implementation strategies empirically
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [43] Flottorp SA, Oxman AD, Krause J, Musila NR, Wensing M, Godycki-Cwirko M, Baker R, Eccles MP: A checklist for identifying determinants of practice: a systematic review and synthesis of frameworks and taxonomies of factors that prevent or enable improvements in healthcare professional practice. Implement Sci. 2013, 8: 1-11. 10.1186/1748-5908-8-1. source
- Not checked yetcites [55] Wensing M, Oxman A, Baker R, Godycki-Cwirko M, Flottorp S, Szecsenyi J, Grimshaw J, Eccles M: Tailored implementation for chronic diseases (TICD): a project protocol. Implement Sci. 2011, 6: 1-8. 10.1186/1748-5908-6-1. source
- Not checked yetcites [85] Bosch M, van der Weijden T, Wensing M, Grol R: Tailoring quality improvement interventions to identified barriers: a multiple case analysis. J Eval Clin Pract. 2007, 13: 161-168. 10.1111/j.1365-2753.2006.00660.x. source
- Not checked yetcites [86] Baker R, Camosso-Stefinovic J, Gillies C, Shaw EJ, Cheater F, Flottorp S, Robertson N:Tailored interventions to overcome identified barriers to change: effects on professional practice and health care outcomes. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2010, Art. No (Issue 3): CD005470-doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD005470.pub2,
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Specifically, it would facilitate meta-analysis and replication (in both research and practice), and would increase the comparability of implementation strategies by allowing them to be described in similar ways.”
§ Implementation strategies: recommendations for specifying and reporting > The need for better specification and reporting of implementation strategies > Existing reporting guidelines and suggested extensions
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Indeed, both naming and defining implementation strategies conceptually makes it possible to distinguish one strategy from another.”
§ Implementation strategies: recommendations for specifying and reporting > The need for better specification and reporting of implementation strategies > Prerequisites to studying implementation strategies empirically
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A wide range of stakeholders can fill this function, as implementation strategies may be employed or enacted by payers, administrators, intervention developers, outside consultants, personnel within an organization charged with being ‘implementers,’ providers/clinicians/support staff, clients/patients/consumers, or community stakeholders.”
§ Implementation strategies: recommendations for specifying and reporting > The need for better specification and reporting of implementation strategies > Prerequisites to studying implementation strategies empirically
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Proctor et al.[47] proposed a taxonomy of implementation outcomes (acceptability, adoption, appropriateness, feasibility, fidelity, implementation cost, penetration and sustainability).”
§ Implementation strategies: recommendations for specifying and reporting > The need for better specification and reporting of implementation strategies > Prerequisites to studying implementation strategies empirically
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [47] Proctor EK, Silmere H, Raghavan R, Hovmand P, Aarons GA, Bunger A, Griffey R, Hensley M: Outcomes for implementation research: conceptual distinctions, measurement challenges, and research agenda. Adm Policy Ment Health Ment Health Serv Res. 2011, 38: 65-76. 10.1007/s10488-010-0319-7. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Certain strategies may target one or more these implementation outcomes (or other outcomes not identified in the Proctor et al.[47] taxonomy).”
§ Implementation strategies: recommendations for specifying and reporting > The need for better specification and reporting of implementation strategies > Prerequisites to studying implementation strategies empirically
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“which makes it difficult to search for empirical studies of implementation strategies, and to compare the effects of different implementation strategies through meta-analyses [9]”
§ Implementation strategies: recommendations for specifying and reporting > The need for better specification and reporting of implementation strategies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [9] Michie S, Fixsen DL, Grimshaw JM, Eccles MP: Specifying and reporting complex behaviour change interventions: the need for a scientific method. Implement Sci. 2009, 4: 1-6. 10.1186/1748-5908-4-1. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Applying such guidelines not only to implementation trials but also to articles that focus on the intervention being tested would pushing detail about implementation processes in treatment effectiveness trials and thus accelerate our understanding of strategies.”
§ Implementation strategies: recommendations for specifying and reporting > The need for better specification and reporting of implementation strategies > Existing reporting guidelines and suggested extensions
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Implementation strategies are inherently complex social interventions, as they address multifaceted and complicated processes within interpersonal, organizational, and community contexts [12,56-58].”
§ Implementation strategies: recommendations for specifying and reporting > The need for better specification and reporting of implementation strategies > Prerequisites to studying implementation strategies empirically
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [12] Alexander JA, Hearld LR: Methods and metrics challenges of delivery-systems research. Implement Sci. 2012, 7: 1-11. 10.1186/1748-5908-7-1. source
- Not checked yetcites [56] Craig P, Dieppe P, Macintyre S, Mitchie S, Nazareth I, Petticrew M: Developing and evaluating complex interventions: the new medical research council guidance. BMJ. 2008, 337: 979-983. 10.1136/bmj.a979. source
- Not checked yetcites [57] Mittman BS: Implementation science in health care. Dissemination and implementation research in health: translating science to practice. Edited by: Brownson RC, Colditz GA, Proctor EK. 2012, New York: Oxford University Press, 400-418. source
- Not checked yetcites [58] May C: Towards a general theory of implementation. Implement Sci. 2013, 8: 1-14. 10.1186/1748-5908-8-1. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
In the paper
“The literature on implementation has been characterized as a ‘Tower of Babel’ [13]”
§ Implementation strategies: recommendations for specifying and reporting > The need for better specification and reporting of implementation strategies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [13] McKibbon KA, Lokker C, Wilczynski NL, Ciliska D, Dobbins M, Davis DA, Haynes RB, Straus S: A cross-sectional study of the number and frequency of terms used to refer to knowledge translation in a body of health literature in 2006: a tower of Babel?. Implement Sci. 2010, 5: 1-11. 10.1186/1748-5908-5-1. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Eccles et al.[67] describe five modifiable elements of audit and feedback that alone produce 288 potential forms of audit and feedback”
§ Implementation strategies: recommendations for specifying and reporting > The need for better specification and reporting of implementation strategies > Prerequisites to studying implementation strategies empirically
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [67] The Improved Clinical Effectiveness through Behavioural Research Group (ICEBeRG): Designing theoretically-informed implementation interventions. Implement Sci. 2006, 1: 1-8. 10.1186/1748-5908-1-1. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The complexity of implementation strategies is also a function of where they are directed or the conceptual ‘targets’ they attempt to impact.”
§ Implementation strategies: recommendations for specifying and reporting > The need for better specification and reporting of implementation strategies > Prerequisites to studying implementation strategies empirically
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The Standards for Quality Improvement Reporting Excellence (SQUIRE) suggest that authors provide, among other things, a description of the intervention (in this case implementation strategy) and its component parts in sufficient detail so that others could reproduce it, an indication of the main factors that contributed to the choice of the intervention, and initial plans for how the intervention”
§ Implementation strategies: recommendations for specifying and reporting > The need for better specification and reporting of implementation strategies > Existing reporting guidelines and suggested extensions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [93] Davidoff F, Batalden P, Stevens D, Ogrinc G, Mooney S: Publication guidelines for quality improvement in health care: evolution of the SQUIRE project. Qual Saf Health Care. 2008, 17 (Supplement 1): i3-i9. source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Adopting these guidelines would address many of the current problems that make it difficult to interpret and use findings from implementation research, such as inconsistent labelling, poor descriptions, and unclear justification for specific implementation strategies [9-11,13].”
§ Implementation strategies: recommendations for specifying and reporting > The need for better specification and reporting of implementation strategies > Existing reporting guidelines and suggested extensions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [9] Michie S, Fixsen DL, Grimshaw JM, Eccles MP: Specifying and reporting complex behaviour change interventions: the need for a scientific method. Implement Sci. 2009, 4: 1-6. 10.1186/1748-5908-4-1. source
- Not checked yetcites [10] Davies P, Walker AE, Grimshaw JM: A systematic review of the use of theory in the design of guideline dissemination and implementation strategies and interpretation of the results of rigorous evaluations. Implement Sci. 2010, 5: 1-6. 10.1186/1748-5908-5-1. source
- Not checked yetcites [11] Colquhoun HL, Brehaut JC, Sales A, Ivers N, Grimshaw J, Michie S, Carroll K, Cahlifoux M, Eva KW: A systematic review of the use of theory in randomized controlled trials of audit and feedback. Implement Sci. 2013, 8: 1-8. 10.1186/1748-5908-8-1. source
- Not checked yetcites [13] McKibbon KA, Lokker C, Wilczynski NL, Ciliska D, Dobbins M, Davis DA, Haynes RB, Straus S: A cross-sectional study of the number and frequency of terms used to refer to knowledge translation in a body of health literature in 2006: a tower of Babel?. Implement Sci. 2010, 5: 1-11. 10.1186/1748-5908-5-1. source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Certainly, these problems are evident within the dissemination and implementation science literature [13,62-64]”
§ Implementation strategies: recommendations for specifying and reporting > The need for better specification and reporting of implementation strategies > Prerequisites to studying implementation strategies empirically
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [13] McKibbon KA, Lokker C, Wilczynski NL, Ciliska D, Dobbins M, Davis DA, Haynes RB, Straus S: A cross-sectional study of the number and frequency of terms used to refer to knowledge translation in a body of health literature in 2006: a tower of Babel?. Implement Sci. 2010, 5: 1-11. 10.1186/1748-5908-5-1. source
- Not checked yetcites [62] Rabin BA, Purcell P, Naveed S, Moser RP, Henton MD, Proctor EK, Brownson RC, Glasgow RE: Advancing the application, quality and harmonization of implementation science measures. Implement Sci. 2012, 7: 1-11. 10.1186/1748-5908-7-1. source
- Not checked yetcites [63] Rabin BA, Brownson RC, Joshu-Haire D, Kreuter MW, Weaver NL: A glossary of dissemination and implementation research in health. J Public Health Manag. 2008, 14: 117-123. 10.1097/01.PHH.0000311888.06252.bb. source
- Not checked yetcites [64] Rabin BA, Brownson RC: Developing terminology for dissemination and implementation research. Dissemination and implementation research in health: translating science to practice. Edited by: Brownson RC, Colditz GA, Proctor EK. 2012, New York: Oxford University Press, 23-51. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This point is underscored by the call for ‘hybrid trials’ that advance knowledge about both the treatment and the implementation [15].”
§ Implementation strategies: recommendations for specifying and reporting > The need for better specification and reporting of implementation strategies > Existing reporting guidelines and suggested extensions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [15] Curran GM, Bauer M, Mittman B, Pyne JM, Stetler C: Effectiveness-implementation hybrid designs: combining elements of clinical effectiveness and implementation research to enhance public health impact. Med Care. 2012, 50: 217-226. 10.1097/MLR.0b013e3182408812. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“However, there is a need for the development of a suite of reporting guidelines for different types of implementation research [3].”
§ Implementation strategies: recommendations for specifying and reporting > The need for better specification and reporting of implementation strategies > Existing reporting guidelines and suggested extensions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [3] Eccles MP, Armstrong D, Baker R, Cleary K, Davies H, Davies S, Gasziou P, Ilott I, Kinmonth ALL, Leng G, Logan S, Marteau T, Michie S, Rogers H, Rycroft-Malone J, Sibbald B: An implementation research agenda. Implement Sci. 2009, 4: 1-7. 10.1186/1748-5908-4-1. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Linguistic harmony in implementation science will be advanced if authors label or describe implementation strategies using terms that already appear in a published review article, a strategy compilation or taxonomy, or another primary research article.”
§ Implementation strategies: recommendations for specifying and reporting > The need for better specification and reporting of implementation strategies > Existing reporting guidelines and suggested extensions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, definitions and descriptions of implementation strategies in the literature often lack the clarity required to interpret study results and build upon the knowledge gained through the replication and extension of the research.”
§ Implementation strategies: recommendations for specifying and reporting > The need for better specification and reporting of implementation strategies > Definitions and examples of implementation strategies
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Implementation strategies often lack operational definitions or manuals to guide their use.
In the paper
“The Equator Network [94] is a repository of reporting guidelines (e.g., CONSORT and STROBE) that can provide guidance to specific research designs and methodologies utilized in implementation research.”
§ Implementation strategies: recommendations for specifying and reporting > The need for better specification and reporting of implementation strategies > Existing reporting guidelines and suggested extensions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [94] Equator network. http://www.equator-network.org/ ,
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“While these determinants of practice could be identified through formal assessment processes, they could also be identified using theory or conceptual models e.g., [87], research literature e.g., [59,60,88-90], or more informal approaches such as brainstorming e.g., [55].”
§ Implementation strategies: recommendations for specifying and reporting > The need for better specification and reporting of implementation strategies > Prerequisites to studying implementation strategies empirically
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [87] McSherry LA, Dombrowski SU, Francis JJ, Murphy J, Martin CM, O’Leary JJ, Sharp L, ATHENS Group: ‘It’s A can of worms’: understanding primary care practitioners’ behaviors in relation to HPV using the theoretical domains framework. Implement Sci. 2012, 7: 1-16. 10.1186/1748-5908-7-1. source
- Not checked yetcites [59] Cabana MD, Rand CS, Powe NR, Wu AW, Wilson MH, Abboud PACAC, Rubin HR: Why don’t physicians follow clinical practice guidelines?. JAMA. 1999, 282: 1458-10.1001/jama.282.15.1458. source
- Not checked yetcites [60] Cook JM, Biyanova T, Coyne JC: Barriers to adoption of new treatments: an internet study of practicing community psychotherapists. Adm Policy Ment Health Ment Health Serv Res. 2009, 36: 83-90. 10.1007/s10488-008-0198-3. source
- Not checked yetcites [88] Addis ME, Wade WA, Hatgis C: Barriers to dissemination of evidence-based practices: addressing practitioners’ concerns about manual-based psychotherapies. Clin Psychol Sci Pract. 1999, 6: 430-441. 10.1093/clipsy.6.4.430. source
- Not checked yetcites [89] Bartholomew NG, Joe GW, Rowan-Szai GA, Simpson DD: Counselor assessments of training and adoption barriers. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2007, 33: 193-199. 10.1016/j.jsat.2007.01.005. source
- Not checked yetcites [90] Shapiro CJ, Prinz RJ, Sanders MR: Facilitators and barriers to implementation of an evidence-based parenting intervention to prevent child maltreatment: the triple p-positive parenting program. Child Maltreat. 2012, 17: 86-95. 10.1177/1077559511424774. source
- Not checked yetcites [55] Wensing M, Oxman A, Baker R, Godycki-Cwirko M, Flottorp S, Szecsenyi J, Grimshaw J, Eccles M: Tailored implementation for chronic diseases (TICD): a project protocol. Implement Sci. 2011, 6: 1-8. 10.1186/1748-5908-6-1. source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It would also help to accelerate our understanding of how, why, when, and where they work, and our translation of those findings to real-world improvements in healthcare.”
§ Implementation strategies: recommendations for specifying and reporting > The need for better specification and reporting of implementation strategies > Existing reporting guidelines and suggested extensions
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Implementation strategies often lack operational definitions or manuals to guide their use.
“lack operational definitions or manuals to guide their use”
The paper relies on this without support.
Too rarely are the specific targets of implementation strategies clearly stated.
“Yet too rarely are the specific targets of implementation strategies clearly stated.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Most often a number of implementation strategies are combined to form a multifaceted strategy.
“Most often a number of strategies are combined to form a multifaceted strategy such as training, consultation, and audit and feedback.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Implementation strategies can vary tremendously in dosage or intensity.
“implementation strategies also can vary tremendously in dosage or intensity.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The current study provides foundational support for developing a multifaceted implementation strategy (e.g., combining a number of discrete implementation strategies) specifically for ASD-CBOs (Proctor et al., 2013; Squires et al., 2014).”
From Implementation-as-Usual in Community-Based Organizations Providing Specialized Services to Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Mixed Methods Study (2021) · cites this paper as Proctor et al., 2013
In the citing paper
“Recent reviews of the use and application of implementation frameworks in implementation efforts highlight the limited use of frameworks, despite the value in doing so.”
From Ten recommendations for using implementation frameworks in research and practice (2020) · cites this paper as [8]
In the citing paper
“Furthermore, as outlined by Proctor et al. [8], implementation strategies should be named, defined, and specified, based on seven components enabling their measurement and replication: actor, action, action targets, temporality (when), dose (duration and how often), outcomes, and theory/justification.”
From Ten recommendations for using implementation frameworks in research and practice (2020) · cites this paper as [8]
In the citing paper
“Even when strategies are reported in study protocols or empirical articles, there are numerous problems with their description, including inconsistent labeling; lack of operational definitions; poor description and absence of manuals to guide their use; and lack of a clear theoretical, empirical, or pragmatic justification for how the strategies were developed and applied (4).”
From Enhancing the Impact of Implementation Strategies in Healthcare: A Research Agenda (2019) · cites this paper as [4]
In the citing paper
“A number of reporting guidelines could be leveraged to improve descriptions of strategies (4, 96–100).”
From Enhancing the Impact of Implementation Strategies in Healthcare: A Research Agenda (2019) · cites this paper as [4]
In the citing paper
“Poor reporting clouds the interpretation of results, precludes replication in research and practice, and limits our ability to synthesize findings across studies (4, 92).”
From Enhancing the Impact of Implementation Strategies in Healthcare: A Research Agenda (2019) · cites this paper as [4]
In the citing paper
“Another potential limitation comes from the ERIC taxonomy itself—i.e., strategy listings like ERIC are only useful when they are widely adopted and used in conjunction with guidelines for specifying and reporting strategies [1] in protocol and outcome papers.”
From A systematic review of experimentally tested implementation strategies across health and human service settings: evidence from 2010-2022 (2024) · cites this paper as [1]
In the citing paper
“Names and definitions do not adequately differentiate who enacted the strategies or for what purpose, resulting in findings that are not “readily comparable” or amendable to the synthesis needed to build the evidence base for their use [5].”
From Beyond “implementation strategies”: classifying the full range of strategies used in implementation science and practice (2017) · cites this paper as [5]
In the citing paper
“Proctor et al. [5] recommended that authors not only name and define their implementation strategies but also describe how they operationalized the strategy in their study. Specifically, they recommended specifying who enacted the strategy (i.e., the actor), the level and determinants that were targeted (action targets), and the intended implementation outcomes.”
From Beyond “implementation strategies”: classifying the full range of strategies used in implementation science and practice (2017) · cites this paper as [5]
In the citing paper
“Building on Proctor et al.’s [5] reporting guidelines, the proposed classification system adds greater conceptual clarity to these definitions by classifying strategies according to who enacts them (actor) and the levels and determinants they target (action targets).”
From Beyond “implementation strategies”: classifying the full range of strategies used in implementation science and practice (2017) · cites this paper as [5]
In the citing paper
“For example, respective subdomains within the implementation strategy domain of the CICI framework align with the work of Proctor and colleagues [83].”
From Making sense of complexity in context and implementation: the Context and Implementation of Complex Interventions (CICI) framework (2017) · cites this paper as [83]
In the citing paper
“An overarching synthesis of the empirical evidence [13] identified 83 conditions to be important for successful implementation of interventions and policies promoting a healthy diet, physical activity (PA), and a reduction in sedentary behaviour using the five domains of the Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation and Maintenance (RE-AIM) evaluation framework [14, 15].”
From Barriers, facilitators and capacities for childhood obesity prevention in 12 European nations: results of a policy-maker survey (2018) · cites this paper as [15]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Implementation strategies: recommendations for specifying and reporting > The need for better specification and reporting of implementation strategies > Prerequisites to studying implementation strategies empirically
“| 2) Define it | Define the implementation strategy and any discrete components operationally | Abraham & Michie [38] |”
§ Implementation strategies: recommendations for specifying and reporting > The need for better specification and reporting of implementation strategies > Prerequisites to studying implementation strategies empirically
“A second step is to define the implementation strategy conceptually. This is distinct from the operationalization of the strategy, which will be addressed below.”
Citations
Cites
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“Implementation strategies are inherently complex social interventions, as they address multifaceted and complicated processes within interpersonal, organizational, and community contexts [12,56-58].”
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Dada, R. S., McGuire, J. A., Hayanga, J. W. A., Thibault, D. P., SCHWARTZMAN, D. S., Ellison, M. B., & Hayanga, H. K. (2023) · Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia · doi:10.1053/j.jvca.2023.12.021 · Cited by 12
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Ramirez, M. M., Fillipo, R., Allen, K. D., Nelson, A. E., Skalla, L. A., Drake, C. D., & Horn, M. E. (2024) · Arthritis Care & Research · doi:10.1002/acr.25353 · Cited by 12
Cruden, G., Powell, B. J., Frerichs, L., Lanier, P., Brown, C. H., Saldana, L., & Lich, K. H. (2024) · Implementation Science Communications · doi:10.1186/s43058-024-00660-2 · Cited by 12
Self-citationUse of implementation logic models in the Quadruple Aim QUERI: conceptualization and evolution
Glasgow, R. E., McCreight, M. S., Morgan, B. R., Sjoberg, H., Hale, A., Motta, L. U., McKown, L., Kenney, R. R., Gilmartin, H., Jones, C. D., et al. (2025) · Implementation Science Communications · doi:10.1186/s43058-024-00678-6 · Cited by 12
Harnessing Implementation Science in Clinical Psychology: Past, Present, and Future
Beidas, R. S., Boyd, M. R., Casline, E. P., Scott, K., Patel, Z. S., Mills, C., Mustanski, B. S., Schriger, S. H., Williams, F. S., Waller, C., et al. (2025) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-081423-021727 · Cited by 13
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Houghtaling, B., Short, E., Long, C. R., Steeves, E. A., Isack, M., Flournoy, L., Cawrse, N., August, E., Summerfelt, W. T., & Calloway, E. E. (2025) · Translational Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/tbm/ibaf013 · Cited by 12
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Bhat, A., Bennett, I. M., Bauer, A. M., Beidas, R., Eriksen, W., Barg, F., Gold, R., & Unützer, J. (2020) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.201900341 · Cited by 12
Pollastri, A. R., Wang, L., Youn, S. J., Ablon, J. S., & Marques, L. M. (2020) · Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/jcop.22325 · Cited by 12
Urban, K., Wright, P. B., Hester, A. L., Curran, G. M., Rojo, M. O., & Tsai, P. (2020) · Clinical Interventions in Aging · doi:10.2147/cia.s256416 · Cited by 12
Sood, S., Kostizak, K., Stevens, S. C. W., Cronin, C., Ramaiya, A., & Paddidam, P. (2020) · International Journal of Disability Development and Education · doi:10.1080/1034912x.2020.1786022 · Cited by 12
de Veer, A. J. E., Fleuren, M. A. H., Voss, H., & Francke, A. L. (2020) · Journal of Pain and Symptom Management · doi:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2020.07.035 · Cited by 12
Smith, H., Topp, S. M., Hoffmann, C. J., Ndlovu, T., Charalambous, S., Murray, L. K., Kane, J. C., Sikazwe, I. T., Muyoyeta, M., & Herce, M. E. (2020) · Current HIV/AIDS Reports · doi:10.1007/s11904-020-00518-x · Cited by 12
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Elkington, K. S., Nunes, E. V., Schachar, A., Ryan, M. E., García, A., DeVelde, K. V., Reilly, D. M., O’Grady, M. A., Williams, A. R., Tross, S., et al. (2021) · Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment · doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2021.108277 · Cited by 13
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Singh, M. A., Sanchez, V., Kenzie, E. S., Sullivan, E., McCormack, J. L., Larson, J. H., Robbins, A., Weekley, T., Hatch, B., Dickinson, C., et al. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0269635 · Cited by 12
Opportunities for Policy Implementation and Advocacy
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Virtual facilitation best practices and research priorities: a scoping review
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A training program for nurse scientists to promote intervention translation
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Metadata
- Authors
- Proctor, E. K., Powell, B. J., & McMillen, J. C.
- Affiliations
- Washington University in St. Louis (US)
- University of Chicago (US)
- Corresponding author
- Proctor, Enola K
- Venue
- Implementation Science
- Published
- 2013-12
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 139-139
- ISSN
- 1748-5908 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3882890
- OpenAlex
- W2126340581
- Semantic Scholar
- 68bffe0075c14ccf625a666aea2891c63262f1b3
- Cited by
- 2,585
- References
- 102
- Citations by year
- 2026: 258 · 2025: 328 · 2024: 464 · 2023: 330 · 2022: 318 · 2021: 277 · 2020: 219 · 2019: 140 · 2018: 91 · 2017: 70 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 48 · 2014: 15
- FWCI
- 53.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Implementation Science (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Washington University in St. Louis
- Institute of Clinical and Translational Sciences
- National Institutes of Health (UL1TR000448, TL1TR000449, 5p30mh068579-05)
- National Institute of Mental Health (P30-MH-068579, F31MH098478, R25MH080916, T32MH019960)
- National Cancer Institute (U54CA155496)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (P30DK092950)
- National Center for Research Resources (RR-024992, UL1RR024992)
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health Policy Implementation Science
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Clinical practice guidelines implementation
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health Sciences Research and Education
- Keywords
- implementation strategies, reporting guidelines, operationalization, theoretical justification, implementation outcomes, reproducibility, intervention research
- MeSH terms
- Delivery of Health Care, Diffusion of Innovation, Research, Program Development
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-06, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-06 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
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Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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