CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 28

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 8 of the 8 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Flipping the switches: CD40 and CD45 modulation of microglial activation states in HIV associated dementia (HAD)

Salemi, Jon, Obregon, Demian F, Cobb, Anthony, Reed, Spenser, Sadic, Edin, Jin, Jingji, Fernandez, Francisco, Tan, Jun, Giunta, Brian·2011·Molecular Neurodegeneration
DOI 10.1186/1750-1326-6-3PMC PMC3030526
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Microglial dysfunction is associated with the pathogenesis and progression of a number of neurodegenerative disorders including HIV associated dementia (HAD). HIV promotion of an M1 antigen presenting cell (APC) - like microglial phenotype, through the promotion of CD40 activity, may impair endogenous mechanisms important for amyloid- beta (Aβ) protein clearance. Further, a chronic pro-inflammatory cycle is established in this manner. CD45 is a protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor which negatively regulates CD40L-CD40-induced microglial M1 activation; an effect leading to the promotion of an M2 phenotype better suited to phagocytose and clear Aβ. Moreover, this CD45 mediated activation state appears to dampen harmful cytokine production. As such, this property of microglial CD45 as a regulatory "off switch" for a CD40-promoted M1, APC-type microglia activation phenotype may represent a critical therapeutic target for the prevention and treatment of neurodegeneration, as well as microglial dysfunction, found in patients with HAD.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1186/1750-1326-6-3

Cites

8 of 8 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Figures

Figure 1 Modulation of Microglia Phenotypes in HIV associated dementia (HAD). The roles of microglia include phagocytosis, antigen presentation, as well as generation and excretion of cytokines, eicosanoids, complement components, and excitatory amino acids (EAA) including, glutamate, quinolinic acid (QUIN), oxidative radicals, and nitric oxide (NO) [2]. At least three phenotypic states of microglia exist based on developmental and pathophysiologic studies: (i) resting, ramified; (ii) activated non-phagocytic (or APC like) found in areas involved in central nervous system (CNS) inflammation; and (iii) reactive, phagocytic micorglia observed in areas of trauma or infection [3-7]. In regard to activation, these cells are able to polarize into two major subtypes: M1 or M2 [8,9]. M1 subtype over-produces pro-inflammatory cytokines. It is marked by production of high levels of interferon -gamma (IFN-γ) tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1, IL-12, and low levels of IL-10 [8,9]. The M1 phenotype may be activated when microglia contact HIV proteins (such as transactivator of transcription [Tat]) [10] or bind toll-like receptors 3 or 4 as well [11]. M2 microglia dampen inflammation, become phagocytic, and produce very low levels of TNF-α, IL-1, IL-12 and high amounts of anti-inflammatory IL- 10 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, and SOCS (suppressor of cytokine signaling) [12,13]. These two phenotypes, respectively, correspond to the type ii or iii microglial states described in the preceding paragraph. Further, the factors which cause polarization to M1 or M2, reinforce the maintenance of that phenotype in a cycle-like manner [8,9] (Figure 1). Increased M1 polarization is consistent with increased TNF-α observed in plasma and brain specimens in HAD and AD, and may play a role in the pathophysiology of both diseases [14]. Stimulation of Th1 and Th2 immune response by microglia is dependent upon the expression of specific molecules including major histocompatibility complex (MHC) II and CD40 [15]. v = viral factors ~ = soluble or cell surface receptor ligation Δ = cytokines and soluble factors
Figure 1 Modulation of Microglia Phenotypes in HIV associated dementia (HAD). The roles of microglia include phagocytosis, antigen presentation, as well as generation and excretion of cytokines, eicosanoids, complement components, and excitatory amino acids (EAA) including, glutamate, quinolinic acid (QUIN), oxidative radicals, and nitric oxide (NO) [2]. At least three phenotypic states of microglia exist based on developmental and pathophysiologic studies: (i) resting, ramified; (ii) activated non-phagocytic (or APC like) found in areas involved in central nervous system (CNS) inflammation; and (iii) reactive, phagocytic micorglia observed in areas of trauma or infection [3-7]. In regard to activation, these cells are able to polarize into two major subtypes: M1 or M2 [8,9]. M1 subtype over-produces pro-inflammatory cytokines. It is marked by production of high levels of interferon -gamma (IFN-γ) tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1, IL-12, and low levels of IL-10 [8,9]. The M1 phenotype may be activated when microglia contact HIV proteins (such as transactivator of transcription [Tat]) [10] or bind toll-like receptors 3 or 4 as well [11]. M2 microglia dampen inflammation, become phagocytic, and produce very low levels of TNF-α, IL-1, IL-12 and high amounts of anti-inflammatory IL- 10 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, and SOCS (suppressor of cytokine signaling) [12,13]. These two phenotypes, respectively, correspond to the type ii or iii microglial states described in the preceding paragraph. Further, the factors which cause polarization to M1 or M2, reinforce the maintenance of that phenotype in a cycle-like manner [8,9] (Figure 1). Increased M1 polarization is consistent with increased TNF-α observed in plasma and brain specimens in HAD and AD, and may play a role in the pathophysiology of both diseases [14]. Stimulation of Th1 and Th2 immune response by microglia is dependent upon the expression of specific molecules including major histocompatibility complex (MHC) II and CD40 [15]. v = viral factors ~ = soluble or cell surface receptor ligation Δ = cytokines and soluble factorsCC BY · PubMed Central

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Research works printed but not linked: 131

  1. Benveniste EN: Role of macrophages/microglia in multiple sclerosis and experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. J Mol Med. 1997, 75 (3): 165-73. 10.1007/s001090050101. · DOI
  2. Banati RB, Gehrmann J, Schubert P, Kreutzberg GW: Cytotoxicity of microglia. Glia. 1993, 7 (1): 111-8. 10.1002/glia.440070117. · DOI
  3. Walker DG, Kim SU, McGeer PL: Complement and cytokine gene expression in cultured microglial derived from postmortem human brains. J Neurosci Res. 1995, 40 (4): 478-93. 10.1002/jnr.490400407. · DOI
  4. Panek RB, Benveniste EN: Class II MHC gene expression in microglia. Regulation by the cytokines IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, and TGF-beta. J Immunol. 1995, 154 (6): 2846-54. · DOI
  5. Frei K, Siepl C, Groscurth P, Bodmer S, Schwerdel C, Fontana A: Antigen presentation and tumor cytotoxicity by interferon-gamma-treated microglial cells. Eur J Immunol. 1987, 17 (9): 1271-8. 10.1002/eji.1830170909. · DOI
  6. Suzumura A, Mezitis SG, Gonatas NK, Silberberg DH: MHC antigen expression on bulk isolated macrophage-microglia from newborn mouse brain: induction of Ia antigen expression by gamma-interferon. J Neuroimmunol. 1987, 15 (3): 263-78. 10.1016/0165-5728(87)90121-4. · DOI
  7. Williams K, Bar-Or A, Ulvestad E, Olivier A, Antel JP, Yong VW: Biology of adult human microglia in culture: comparisons with peripheral blood monocytes and astrocytes. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 1992, 51 (5): 538-49. 10.1097/00005072-199209000-00009. · DOI
  8. Gordon S, Taylor PR: Monocyte and macrophage heterogeneity. Nat Rev Immunol. 2005, 5 (12): 953-64. 10.1038/nri1733. · DOI · Paper page
  9. Bruce-Keller AJ, Barger SW, Moss NI, Pham JT, Keller JN, Nath A: Pro-inflammatory and pro-oxidant properties of the HIV protein Tat in a microglial cell line: attenuation by 17 beta-estradiol. J Neurochem. 2001, 78 (6): 1315-24. 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2001.00511.x. · DOI
  10. Suh HS, Zhao ML, Choi N, Belbin TJ, Brosnan CF, Lee SC: TLR3 and TLR4 are innate antiviral immune receptors in human microglia: role of IRF3 in modulating antiviral and inflammatory response in the CNS. Virology. 2009, 392 (2): 246-59. 10.1016/j.virol.2009.07.001. · DOI
  11. Akhtar LN, Tahir MY, Ahmed F, Ul-Haq I, Salim KP: Suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 inhibits antiviral IFN-beta signaling to enhance HIV-1 replication in macrophages. J Immunol. 185 (4): 2393-404. 10.4049/jimmunol.0903563. · DOI
  12. Qin H, Wilson CA, Lee SJ, Benveniste EN: IFN-beta-induced SOCS-1 negatively regulates CD40 gene expression in macrophages and microglia. Faseb J. 2006, 20 (7): 985-7. 10.1096/fj.05-5493fje. · DOI
  13. Minagar A, Shapshak P, Fujimura R, Ownby R, Heyes M, Eisdorfer C: The role of macrophage/microglia and astrocytes in the pathogenesis of three neurologic disorders: HIV-associated dementia, Alzheimer disease, and multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Sci. 2002, 202 (1-2): 13-23. 10.1016/S0022-510X(02)00207-1. · DOI
  14. Ma N, Streilein JW: T cell immunity induced by allogeneic microglia in relation to neuronal retina transplantation. J Immunol. 1999, 162 (8): 4482-9. · DOI
  15. Ford AL, Foulcher E, Lemckert FA, Sedgwick JD: Microglia induce CD4 T lymphocyte final effector function and death. J Exp Med. 1996, 184 (5): 1737-45. 10.1084/jem.184.5.1737. · DOI
  16. Genis P, Jett M, Bernton EW, Boyle T, Gelbard HA, Dzenko K, Keane RW, Resnick L, Mizrachi Y, Volsky DJ, et al: Cytokines and arachidonic metabolites produced during human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected macrophage-astroglia interactions: implications for the neuropathogenesis of HIV disease. J Exp Med. 1992, 176 (6): 1703-18. 10.1084/jem.176.6.1703. · DOI
  17. Persidsky Y, Gendelman HE: Mononuclear phagocyte immunity and the neuropathogenesis of HIV-1 infection. J Leukoc Biol. 2003, 74 (5): 691-701. 10.1189/jlb.0503205. · DOI
  18. Adle-Biassette HF, Chretien L, Wingertsmann C, Hery T, Ereau F, Scaravilli M, Tardieu Gray F: Neuronal apoptosis does not correlate with dementia in HIV infection but is related to microglial activation and axonal damage. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol. 1999, 25: 123-133. 10.1046/j.1365-2990.1999.00167.x. · DOI
  19. Liu BHJ: Role of microglia in inflammation-mediated neurodegenerative diseases: mechanisms and strategies for therapeutic intervention. J Pharm Exp Ther. 2003, 304: 1-7. 10.1124/jpet.102.035048. · DOI · Paper page
  20. BlockML Z.L, Hong JS: Microglia-mediated neurotoxicity: uncovering the molecular mechanisms. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2007, 8: 57-69. 10.1038/nrn2038. · DOI · Paper page
  21. Alirezaei MKW, Flynn CT, Brady NR, Fox HS: Disruption of neuronal autophagy by infected microglia results in neurodegeneration. PLoS ONE. 2008, 3: e2906-10.1371/journal.pone.0002906. · DOI
  22. Alirezaei MKW, Fox HS: Decreased neuronal autophagy in HAD: a mechanism of indirect neurotoxicity. Autophagy. 2008, 1 (4(7)): 963-969. · DOI
  23. Avison MJ, Nath A, Greene-Avison R, Schmitt FA, Greenberg RN, Berger JR: Neuroimaging correlates of HIV-associated BBB compromise. J Neuroimmunol. 2004, 157 (1-2): 140-6. 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2004.08.025. · DOI
  24. Thind K, Sabbagh MN: Pathological correlates of cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease. Panminerva Med. 2007, 49 (4): 191-5.
  25. Sulkava R, Erkinjuntti T, Palo J: Head injuries in Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. Neurology. 1985, 35 (12): 1804- · DOI
  26. D'Aversa TG, Eugenin E.A, Berman JW: NeuroAIDS: contributions of the human immunodeficiency virus-1 proteins Tat and gp120 as well as CD40 to microglial activation. J Neurosci Res. 2005, 81 (3): 436-46. · DOI
  27. Avison MJ, Nath A, Greene-Avison R, Schmitt FA, Bales RA, Ethisham A, Greenberg RN, Berger JR: Inflammatory changes and breakdown of microvascular integrity in early human immunodeficiency virus dementia. J Neurovirol. 2004, 10 (4): 223-32. 10.1080/13550280490463532. · DOI
  28. Schneider JA, Boyle PA, Arvanitakis Z, Bienias JL, Bennett DA: Subcortical infarcts, Alzheimer's disease pathology, and memory function in older persons. Ann Neurol. 2007, 62 (1): 59-66. 10.1002/ana.21142. · DOI · Paper page
  29. Hachiya NS, Kozuka Y, Kaneko K: Mechanical stress and formation of protein aggregates in neurodegenerative disorders. Med Hypotheses. 2008, 70 (5): 1034-7. 10.1016/j.mehy.2007.06.043. · DOI
  30. Alisky JM: The coming problem of HIV-associated Alzheimer's disease. Med Hypotheses. 2007, 69 (5): 1140-3. 10.1016/j.mehy.2007.02.030. · DOI
  31. Simone MJ, Appelbaum J: HIV in older adults. Geriatrics. 2008, 63 (12): 6-12.
  32. Repetto MJ, Petitto JM: Psychopharmacology in HIV-infected patients. Psychosom Med. 2008, 70 (5): 585-92. 10.1097/PSY.0b013e3181777190. · DOI
  33. Keblesh JP, Reiner BC, Liu J, Xiong H: Pathogenesis of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type-1 (HIV-1)-Associated Dementia: Role of Voltage-Gated Potassium Channels. Retrovirology. 2008, 2: 1-10.
  34. Hult B, Chana G, Masliah E, Everall I: Neurobiology of HIV. Int Rev Psychiatry. 2008, 20 (1): 3-13. 10.1080/09540260701862086. · DOI
  35. Giunta B, Zhou Y, Hou H, Rrapo E, Fernandez F, Tan J: HIV-1 TAT inhibits microglial phagocytosis of Abeta peptide. Int J Clin Exp Pathol. 2008, 1 (3): 260-75.
  36. Valcour V, Shikuma C, Shiramizu B, Watters M, Poff P, Selnes OA, Grove J, Liu Y, Abdul-Majid KB, Gartner S, Sacktor N: Age, apolipoprotein E4, and the risk of HIV dementia: the Hawaii Aging with HIV Cohort. J Neuroimmunol. 2004, 157 (1-2): 197-202. 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2004.08.029. · DOI
  37. Esiri MM, Biddolph S.C, Morris CS: Prevalence of Alzheimer plaques in AIDS. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1998, 65 (1): 29-33. 10.1136/jnnp.65.1.29. · DOI
  38. Giunta B, Hou H, Zhu Y, Rrapo E, Tian J, Takashi M, Commins D, Singer E, He J, Fernandez F, Tan J: HIV-1 Tat contributes to Alzheimer's disease-like pathology in PSAPP mice. Int J Clin Exp Pathol. 2009, 2 (5): 433-43.
  39. Everall IP, Luthert PJ, Lantos PL: Neuronal number and volume alterations in the neocortex of HIV infected individuals. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1993, 56 (5): 481-6. 10.1136/jnnp.56.5.481. · DOI
  40. Bell JE: The neuropathology of adult HIV infection. Rev Neurol (Paris). 1998, 154 (12): 816-29.
  41. Adle-Biassette H, Levy Y, Colombel M, Poron F, Natchev S, Keohane C, Gray F: Neuronal apoptosis in HIV infection in adults. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol. 1995, 21 (3): 218-27. 10.1111/j.1365-2990.1995.tb01053.x. · DOI
  42. Galasko D: CSF tau and Abeta42: logical biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease?. Neurobiol Aging. 1998, 19 (2): 117-9. 10.1016/S0197-4580(98)00021-9. · DOI
  43. Brew BJ, Pemberton L, Blennow K, Wallin A, Hagberg L: CSF amyloid beta42 and tau levels correlate with AIDS dementia complex. Neurology. 2005, 65 (9): 1490-2. 10.1212/01.wnl.0000183293.95787.b7. · DOI
  44. Andreasen N, Minthon L, Vanmechelen E, Vanderstichele H, Davidsson P, Winblad B, Blennow K: Cerebrospinal fluid tau and Abeta42 as predictors of development of Alzheimer's disease in patients with mild cognitive impairment. Neurosci Lett. 1999, 273 (1): 5-8. 10.1016/S0304-3940(99)00617-5. · DOI
  45. Navia BA, Jordan BD, Price RW: The AIDS dementia complex: I. Clinical features. Ann Neurol. 1986, 19 (6): 517-24. 10.1002/ana.410190602. · DOI
  46. Johnson RT, McArthur JC, Narayan O: The neurobiology of human immunodeficiency virus infections. Faseb J. 1988, 2 (14): 2970-81. · DOI
  47. Guillemin GJ, Brew BJ: Implications of the kynurenine pathway and quinolinic acid in Alzheimer's disease. Redox Rep. 2002, 7 (4): 199-206. 10.1179/135100002125000550. · DOI
  48. Snyder SH: Nitric oxide: first in a new class of neurotransmitters. Science. 1992, 257 (5069): 494-6. 10.1126/science.1353273. · DOI
  49. Heyes MP, Brew BJ, Martin A, Price RW, Salazar AM, Sidtis JJ, Yergey JA, Mouradian MM, Sadler AE, Keilp J, et al: Quinolinic acid in cerebrospinal fluid and serum in HIV-1 infection: relationship to clinical and neurological status. Ann Neurol. 1991, 29 (2): 202-9. 10.1002/ana.410290215. · DOI
  50. Heyes MP, Mefford IN, Quearry BJ, Dedhia M, Lackner A: Increased ratio of quinolinic acid to kynurenic acid in cerebrospinal fluid of D retrovirus-infected rhesus macaques: relationship to clinical and viral status. Ann Neurol. 1990, 27 (6): 666-75. 10.1002/ana.410270614. · DOI
  51. Heyes MP, Rubinow D, Lane C, Markey SP: Cerebrospinal fluid quinolinic acid concentrations are increased in acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Ann Neurol. 1989, 26 (2): 275-7. 10.1002/ana.410260215. · DOI
  52. Heyes MP, Saito K, Crowley JS, Davis LE, Demitrack MA, Der M, Dilling LA, Elia J, Kruesi MJ, Lackner A, et al: Quinolinic acid and kynurenine pathway metabolism in inflammatory and non-inflammatory neurological disease. Brain. 1992, 115 (Pt 5): 1249-73. 10.1093/brain/115.5.1249. · DOI
  53. Nath A, Geiger J: Neurobiological aspects of human immunodeficiency virus infection: neurotoxic mechanisms. Prog Neurobiol. 1998, 54 (1): 19-33. 10.1016/S0301-0082(97)00053-1. · DOI
  54. Wilt SG, Milward E, Zhou JM, Nagasato K, Patton H, Rusten R, Griffin DE, O'Connor M, Dubois-Dalcq M: In vitro evidence for a dual role of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 encephalopathy. Ann Neurol. 1995, 37 (3): 381-94. 10.1002/ana.410370315. · DOI
  55. Wesselingh SL, Takahashi K, Glass JD, McArthur JC, Griffin JW, Griffin DE: Cellular localization of tumor necrosis factor mRNA in neurological tissue from HIV-infected patients by combined reverse transcriptase/polymerase chain reaction in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. J Neuroimmunol. 1997, 74 (1-2): 1-8. 10.1016/S0165-5728(96)00160-9. · DOI
  56. Byrne GI, Lehmann LK, Kirschbaum JG, Borden EC, Lee CM, Brown RR: Induction of tryptophan degradation in vitro and in vivo: a gamma-interferon-stimulated activity. J Interferon Res. 1986, 6 (4): 389-96. · DOI
  57. Fuchs D, Shearer GM, Boswell RN, Lucey DR, Clerici M, Reibnegger G, Werner ER, Zajac RA, Wachter H: Negative correlation between blood cell counts and serum neopterin concentration in patients with HIV-1 infection. Aids. 1991, 5 (2): 209-12. 10.1097/00002030-199102000-00012. · DOI
  58. Werner ER, Bitterlich G, Fuchs D, Hausen A, Reibnegger G, Szabo G, Dierich MP, Wachter H: Human macrophages degrade tryptophan upon induction by interferon-gamma. Life Sci. 1987, 41 (3): 273-80. 10.1016/0024-3205(87)90149-4. · DOI
  59. Schmidtmayerova H, Nottet HS, Nuovo G, Raabe T, Flanagan CR, Dubrovsky L, Gendelman HE, Cerami A, Bukrinsky M, Sherry B: Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection alters chemokine beta peptide expression in human monocytes: implications for recruitment of leukocytes into brain and lymph nodes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1996, 93 (2): 700-4. 10.1073/pnas.93.2.700. · DOI
  60. Kure K, Weidenheim KM, Lyman WD, Dickson DW: Morphology and distribution of HIV-1 gp41-positive microglia in subacute AIDS encephalitis. Pattern of involvement resembling a multisystem degeneration. Acta Neuropathol. 1990, 80 (4): 393-400. 10.1007/BF00307693. · DOI
  61. Gullotta F, Kuchelmeister K, Masini T, Ghidoni P, Cappricci E: [The morphology of HIV encephalopathy]. Zentralbl Allg Pathol. 1989, 135 (1): 5-13.
  62. Fischer-Smith T, Bell C, Croul S, Lewis M, Rappaport J: Monocyte/macrophage trafficking in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome encephalitis: lessons from human and nonhuman primate studies. J Neurovirol. 2008, 14 (4): 318-26. 10.1080/13550280802132857. · DOI
  63. Gras G, Kaul M: Molecular mechanisms of neuroinvasion by monocytes-macrophages in HIV-1 infection. Retrovirology. 7: 30-10.1186/1742-4690-7-30. · DOI
  64. Edelman M, Birkenhauer MC, Steinberg JJ, Dickson DW, Casadevall A, Lee SC: Microglial nodule encephalitis: limited CNS infection despite disseminated systemic cryptococcosis. Clin Neuropathol. 1996, 15 (1): 30-3.
  65. Persidsky Y, Ghorpade A, Rasmussen J, Limoges J, Liu XJ, Stins M, Fiala M, Way D, Kim KS, Witte MH, Weinand M, Carhart L, Gendelman HE: Microglial and astrocyte chemokines regulate monocyte migration through the blood-brain barrier in human immunodeficiency virus-1 encephalitis. Am J Pathol. 1999, 155 (5): 1599-611. · DOI
  66. Nelson PT, Soma LA, Lavi E: Microglia in diseases of the central nervous system. Ann Med. 2002, 34 (7-8): 491-500. 10.1080/078538902321117698. · DOI
  67. Michaels J, Price RW, Rosenblum MK: Microglia in the giant cell encephalitis of acquired immune deficiency syndrome: proliferation, infection and fusion. Acta Neuropathol. 1988, 76 (4): 373-9. 10.1007/BF00686974. · DOI
  68. Liner KJ, Hall CD, Robertson KR: Effects of antiretroviral therapy on cognitive impairment. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep. 2008, 5 (2): 64-71. 10.1007/s11904-008-0011-7. · DOI
  69. Ferrando SJ: Diagnosis and treatment of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. New Dir Ment Health Serv. 2000, 25-35. 10.1002/yd.23320008705. 87 · DOI
  70. Boisse L, Gill MJ, Power C: HIV infection of the central nervous system: clinical features and neuropathogenesis. Neurol Clin. 2008, 26 (3): 799-819. 10.1016/j.ncl.2008.04.002. x · DOI
  71. Lorenzo A, Yankner BA: Amyloid fibril toxicity in Alzheimer's disease and diabetes. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1996, 777: 89-95. 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1996.tb34406.x. · DOI
  72. Lorenzo A, Yankner BA: Beta-amyloid neurotoxicity requires fibril formation and is inhibited by congo red. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1994, 91 (25): 12243-7. 10.1073/pnas.91.25.12243. · DOI · Paper page
  73. Giunta B, Obregon D, Hou H, Zeng J, Sun N, Nikolic V, Ehrhart J, Shytle D, Fernandez F, Tan J: EGCG mitigates neurotoxicity mediated by HIV-1 proteins gp120 and Tat in the presence of IFN-gamma: role of JAK/STAT1 signaling and implications for HIV-associated dementia. Brain Res. 2006, 1123 (1): 216-25. 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.09.057. · DOI
  74. Giulian D, Haverkamp LJ, Li J, Karshin WL, Yu J, Tom D, Li X, Kirkpatrick JB: Senile plaques stimulate microglia to release a neurotoxin found in Alzheimer brain. Neurochem Int. 1995, 27 (1): 119-37. 10.1016/0197-0186(95)00067-I. · DOI · Paper page
  75. Tan J, Town T, Mullan M: CD45 inhibits CD40L-induced microglial activation via negative regulation of the Src/p44/42 MAPK pathway. J Biol Chem. 2000, 275 (47): 37224-31. 10.1074/jbc.M002006200. · DOI · Paper page
  76. McGeer PL, Itagaki S, Boyes BE, McGeer EG: Reactive microglia are positive for HLA-DR in the substantia nigra of Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease brains. Neurology. 1988, 38 (8): 1285-91. · DOI · Paper page
  77. McGeer EG, McGeer PL: The role of the immune system in neurodegenerative disorders. Mov Disord. 1997, 12 (6): 855-8. 10.1002/mds.870120604. · DOI
  78. McGeer PL, McGeer EG, Kawamata T, Yamada T, Akiyama H: Reactions of the immune system in chronic degenerative neurological diseases. Can J Neurol Sci. 1991, 18 (3 Suppl): 376-9. · DOI
  79. Rozemuller JM, Eikelenboom P, Stam FC: Role of microglia in plaque formation in senile dementia of the Alzheimer type. An immunohistochemical study. Virchows Arch B Cell Pathol Incl Mol Pathol. 1986, 51 (3): 247-54. 10.1007/BF02899034. · DOI
  80. Rozemuller JM, Eikelenboom P, Pals ST, Stam FC: Microglial cells around amyloid plaques in Alzheimer's disease express leucocyte adhesion molecules of the LFA-1 family. Neurosci Lett. 1989, 101 (3): 288-92. 10.1016/0304-3940(89)90547-8. · DOI
  81. Kiebala M, Polesskaya O, Yao Z, Perry SW, Maggirwar SB: Nuclear factor-kappa B family member RelB inhibits human immunodeficiency virus-1 Tat-induced tumor necrosis factor-alpha production. PLoS One. 5 (7): e11875-10.1371/journal.pone.0011875. · DOI
  82. Rappaport J, Joseph J, Croul S, Alexander G, Del Valle L, Amini S, Khalili K: Molecular pathway involved in HIV-1-induced CNS pathology: role of viral regulatory protein, Tat. J Leukoc Biol. 1999, 65 (4): 458-65. · DOI
  83. Wisniewski HM, Wegiel J, Wang KC, Kujawa M, Lach B: Ultrastructural studies of the cells forming amyloid fibers in classical plaques. Can J Neurol Sci. 1989, 16 (4 Suppl): 535-42. · DOI
  84. Klegeris A, Walker DG, McGeer PL: Interaction of Alzheimer beta-amyloid peptide with the human monocytic cell line THP-1 results in a protein kinase C-dependent secretion of tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Brain Res. 1997, 747 (1): 114-21. 10.1016/S0006-8993(96)01229-2. · DOI
  85. Klegeris A, McGeer PL: beta-amyloid protein enhances macrophage production of oxygen free radicals and glutamate. J Neurosci Res. 1997, 49 (2): 229-35. 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4547(19970715)49:2<229::AID-JNR11>3.0.CO;2-W. · DOI
  86. Klegeris A, Walker DG, McGeer PL: Activation of macrophages by Alzheimer beta amyloid peptide. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1994, 199 (2): 984-91. 10.1006/bbrc.1994.1326. · DOI
  87. McDonald DR, Brunden KR, Landreth GE: Amyloid fibrils activate tyrosine kinase-dependent signaling and superoxide production in microglia. J Neurosci. 1997, 17 (7): 2284-94. · DOI
  88. McDonald DR, Bamberger ME, Combs CK, Landreth GE: beta-Amyloid fibrils activate parallel mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways in microglia and THP1 monocytes. J Neurosci. 1998, 18 (12): 4451-60. · DOI
  89. Combs CK, Johnson DE, Cannady SB, Lehman TM, Landreth GE: Identification of microglial signal transduction pathways mediating a neurotoxic response to amyloidogenic fragments of beta-amyloid and prion proteins. J Neurosci. 1999, 19 (3): 928-39. · DOI
  90. Townsend KP, Town T, Mori T, Lue LF, Shytle D, Sanberg PR, Morgan D, Fernandez F, Flavell RA, Tan J: CD40 signaling regulates innate and adaptive activation of microglia in response to amyloid beta-peptide. Eur J Immunol. 2005, 35 (3): 901-10. 10.1002/eji.200425585. · DOI · Paper page
  91. Lorton D, Kocsis JM, King L, Madden K, Brunden KR: beta-Amyloid induces increased release of interleukin-1 beta from lipopolysaccharide-activated human monocytes. J Neuroimmunol. 1996, 67 (1): 21-9. · DOI
  92. Yankner BA, Duffy LK, Kirschner DA: Neurotrophic and neurotoxic effects of amyloid beta protein: reversal by tachykinin neuropeptides. Science. 1990, 250 (4978): 279-82. 10.1126/science.2218531. · DOI · Paper page
  93. Turchan-Cholewo J, Dimayuga VM, Gupta S, Gorospe RM, Keller JN, Bruce-Keller AJ: NADPH oxidase drives cytokine and neurotoxin release from microglia and macrophages in response to HIV-Tat. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2009, 11 (2): 193-204. 10.1089/ars.2008.2097. · DOI
  94. Shatrov VA, Ratter F, Gruber A, Droge W, Lehmann V: HIV type 1 glycoprotein 120 amplifies tumor necrosis factor-induced NF-kappa B activation in Jurkat cells. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 1996, 12 (13): 1209-16. 10.1089/aid.1996.12.1209. · DOI
  95. Turchan-Cholewo J, Dimayuga FO, Gupta S, Keller JN, Knapp PE, Hauser KF, Bruce-Keller AJ: Morphine and HIV-Tat increase microglial-free radical production and oxidative stress: possible role in cytokine regulation. J Neurochem. 2009, 108 (1): 202-15. 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2008.05756.x. · DOI
  96. Aksenov MY, Hasselrot U, Wu G, Nath A, Anderson C, Mactutus CF, Booze RM: Temporal relationships between HIV-1 Tat-induced neuronal degeneration, OX-42 immunoreactivity, reactive astrocytosis, and protein oxidation in the rat striatum. Brain Res. 2003, 987 (1): 1-9. 10.1016/S0006-8993(03)03194-9. · DOI
  97. Kornbluth RS: The emerging role of CD40 ligand in HIV infection. J Leukoc Biol. 2000, 68 (3): 373-82. · DOI
  98. Giunta B, Rezai-Zadeh K, Tan J: Impact of the CD40-CD40L dyad in Alzheimer's disease. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets. 9 (2): 149-55. · DOI
  99. Giunta B, Figueroa KP, Town T, Tan J: Soluble Cd40 Ligand in Dementia. Drugs Future. 2009, 34 (4): 333-340. 10.1358/dof.2009.034.04.1358595. · DOI
  100. Heeschen C, Dimmeler S, Hamm CW, van den Brand MJ, Boersma E, Zeiher AM, Simoons ML, CAPTURE Study Investigators: Soluble CD40 ligand in acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med. 2003, 348 (12): 1104-11. 10.1056/NEJMoa022600. · DOI
  101. Tsakiris DA, Tschöpl M, Wolf F, Labs KH, Jäger KA, Marbet GA: Platelets and cytokines in concert with endothelial activation in patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis. 2000, 11 (2): 165-73. · DOI
  102. Devaraj S, Glaser N, Griffen S, Wang-Polagruto J, Miguelino E, Jialal I: Increased monocytic activity and biomarkers of inflammation in patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes. 2006, 55 (3): 774-9. 10.2337/diabetes.55.03.06.db05-1417. · DOI
  103. Chai H, Yan S, Wang H, Zhang R, Lin PH, Yao Q, Chen C: CD40 ligand increases expression of its receptor CD40 in human coronary artery endothelial cells. Surgery. 2006, 140 (2): 236-42. 10.1016/j.surg.2006.03.016. · DOI
  104. Gerritse K, Laman JD, Noelle RJ, Aruffo A, Ledbetter JA, Boersma WJ, Claassen E: CD40-CD40 ligand interactions in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1996, 93 (6): 2499-504. 10.1073/pnas.93.6.2499. · DOI
  105. Shapshak P, Duncan R, Minagar A, Rodriguez de la Vega P, Stewart RV, Goodkin K: Elevated expression of IFN-gamma in the HIV-1 infected brain. Front Biosci. 2004, 9: 1073-81. 10.2741/1271. · DOI
  106. Aloisi F, Penna G, Polazzi E, Minghetti L, Adorini L: CD40-CD154 interaction and IFN-gamma are required for IL-12 but not prostaglandin E2 secretion by microglia during antigen presentation to Th1 cells. J Immunol. 1999, 162 (3): 1384-91. · DOI
  107. Nguyen VT, Walker WS, Benveniste EN: Post-transcriptional inhibition of CD40 gene expression in microglia by transforming growth factor-beta. Eur J Immunol. 1998, 28 (8): 2537-48. 10.1002/(SICI)1521-4141(199808)28:08<2537::AID-IMMU2537>3.0.CO;2-1. · DOI
  108. Togo T, Akiyama H, Kondo H, Ikeda K, Kato M, Iseki E, Kosaka K: Expression of CD40 in the brain of Alzheimer's disease and other neurological diseases. Brain Res. 2000, 885 (1): 117-21. 10.1016/S0006-8993(00)02984-X. · DOI
  109. Tan J, Town T, Paris D, Mori T, Suo Z, Crawford F, Mattson MP, Flavell RA, Mullan M: Microglial activation resulting from CD40-CD40L interaction after beta-amyloid stimulation. Science. 1999, 286 (5448): 2352-5. 10.1126/science.286.5448.2352. · DOI
  110. Tan J, Placzek A, Crawford F, Fang C, Mullan M: Induction of CD40 on human endothelial cells by Alzheimer's beta-amyloid peptides. Brain Res Bull. 1999, 50 (2): 143-8. 10.1016/S0361-9230(99)00122-7. · DOI
  111. Hollenbaugh D, Mischel-Petty N, Edwards CP, Simon JC, Denfeld RW, Kiener PA, Aruffo A: Expression of functional CD40 by vascular endothelial cells. J Exp Med. 1995, 182 (1): 33-40. 10.1084/jem.182.1.33. · DOI
  112. Karmann K, Hughes CC, Schechner J, Fanslow WC, Pober JS: CD40 on human endothelial cells: inducibility by cytokines and functional regulation of adhesion molecule expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1995, 92 (10): 4342-6. 10.1073/pnas.92.10.4342. · DOI
  113. Moses AV, Williams SE, Strussenberg JG, Heneveld ML, Ruhl RA, Bakke AC, Bagby GC, Nelson JA: HIV-1 induction of CD40 on endothelial cells promotes the outgrowth of AIDS-associated B-cell lymphomas. Nat Med. 1997, 3 (11): 1242-9. 10.1038/nm1197-1242. · DOI
  114. Sui Z, Sniderhan LF, Schifitto G, Phipps RP, Gelbard HA, Dewhurst S, Maggirwar SB: Functional synergy between CD40 ligand and HIV-1 Tat contributes to inflammation: implications in HIV type 1 dementia. J Immunol. 2007, 178 (5): 3226-36. · DOI
  115. Eilers M, Roy U, Mondal D: MRP (ABCC) transporters-mediated efflux of anti-HIV drugs, saquinavir and zidovudine, from human endothelial cells. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2008, 233 (9): 1149-60. 10.3181/0802-RM-59. · DOI
  116. Sipsas NV, Sfikakis pp, Kontos A, Kordossis T: Levels of soluble CD40 ligand (CD154) in serum are increased in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected patients and correlate with CD4(+) T-cell counts. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 2002, 9 (3): 558-61.
  117. Piguet PF, Kan CD, Vesin C, Rochat A, Donati Y, Barazzone C: Role of CD40-CVD40L in mouse severe malaria. Am J Pathol. 2001, 159 (2): 733-42. · DOI
  118. Ishikawa M, Vowinkel T, Stokes KY, Arumugam TV, Yilmaz G, Nanda A, Granger DN: CD40/CD40 ligand signaling in mouse cerebral microvasculature after focal ischemia/reperfusion. Circulation. 2005, 111 (13): 1690-6. 10.1161/01.CIR.0000160349.42665.0C. · DOI
  119. Sitati E, McCandless EE, Klein RS, Diamond MS: CD40-CD40 ligand interactions promote trafficking of CD8+ T cells into the brain and protection against West Nile virus encephalitis. J Virol. 2007, 81 (18): 9801-11. 10.1128/JVI.00941-07. · DOI
  120. Ramirez SH, Fan S, Dykstra H, Reichenbach N, Del Valle L, Potula R, Phipps RP, Maggirwar SB, Persidsky Y: Dyad of CD40/CD40 ligand fosters neuroinflammation at the blood-brain barrier and is regulated via JNK signaling: implications for HIV-1 encephalitis. J Neurosci. 30 (28): 9454-64. · DOI
  121. Tan J, Town T, Saxe M, Paris D, Wu Y, Mullan M: Ligation of microglial CD40 results in p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent TNF-alpha production that is opposed by TGF-beta 1 and IL-10. J Immunol. 1999, 163 (12): 6614-21. · DOI
  122. Todd Roach J, Volmar CH, Dwivedi S, Town T, Crescentini R, Crawford F, Tan J, Mullan M: Behavioral effects of CD40-CD40L pathway disruption in aged PSAPP mice. Brain Res. 2004, 1015 (1-2): 161-8. 10.1016/j.brainres.2004.05.004. · DOI
  123. Tan J, Town T, Mori T, Wu Y, Saxe M, Crawford F, Mullan M: CD45 opposes beta-amyloid peptide-induced microglial activation via inhibition of p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinase. J Neurosci. 2000, 20 (20): 7587-94. · DOI
  124. Irie-Sasaki J, Sasaki T, Penninger JM: CD45 regulated signaling pathways. Curr Top Med Chem. 2003, 3 (7): 783-96. 10.2174/1568026033452339. · DOI
  125. Irie-Sasaki J, Sasaki T, Matsumoto W, Opavsky A, Cheng M, Welstead G, Griffiths E, Krawczyk C, Richardson CD, Aitken K, Iscove N, Koretzky G, Johnson P, Liu P, Rothstein DM, Penninger JM: CD45 is a JAK phosphatase and negatively regulates cytokine receptor signalling. Nature. 2001, 409 (6818): 349-54. 10.1038/35053086. · DOI
  126. Baur A, Garber S, Peterlin BM: Effects of CD45 on NF-kappa B. Implications for replication of HIV-1. J Immunol. 1994, 152 (3): 976-83. · DOI · Paper page
  127. Koronyo-Hamaoui M, Ko MK, Koronyo Y, Azoulay D, Seksenyan A, Kunis G, Pham M, Bakhsheshian J, Rogeri P, Black KL, Farkas DL, Schwartz M: Attenuation of AD-like neuropathology by harnessing peripheral immune cells: local elevation of IL-10 and MMP-9. J Neurochem. 2009, 111 (6): 1409-24. 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06402.x. · DOI
  128. Townsend KP, Vendrame M, Ehrhart J, Faza B, Zeng J, Town T, Tan J: CD45 isoform RB as a molecular target to oppose lipopolysaccharide-induced microglial activation in mice. Neurosci Lett. 2004, 362 (1): 26-30. 10.1016/j.neulet.2004.01.082. · DOI
  129. Mahalingam M, Pozniak A, McManus TJ, Senaldi G, Vergani D, Peakman M: Abnormalities of CD45 isoform expression in HIV infection. Clin Immunol Immunopathol. 1996, 81 (2): 210-4. 10.1006/clin.1996.0178. · DOI
  130. Guntermann C, Amft N, Murphy BJ, Nye KE: Impaired CD45-associated tyrosine phosphatase activity during HIV-1 infection: implications for CD3 and CD4 receptor signalling. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1998, 252 (1): 69-77. 10.1006/bbrc.1998.9595. · DOI
  131. Kim MO, Suh HS, Si Q, Terman BI, Lee SC: Anti-CD45RO suppresses human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication in microglia: role of Hck tyrosine kinase and implications for AIDS dementia. J Virol. 2006, 80 (1): 62-72. 10.1128/JVI.80.1.62-72.2006. · DOI

Cited by

Sorted by citations

See all 28

Metadata

Authors
Salemi, J., Obregon, D. F., Cobb, A., Reed, S., Sadic, E., Jin, J., Fernandez, F., Tan, J., & Giunta, B.
Venue
Molecular Neurodegeneration
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2011-01-11
Volume
6
Issue
1
ISSN
1750-1326
DOI
10.1186/1750-1326-6-3
PMC
PMC3030526
Cited by
28
References
8
Language
en

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review