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Regulation of skeletal muscle growth by the IGF1-Akt/PKB pathway: insights from genetic models
Open accessAbstract
A highly conserved signaling pathway involving insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1), and a cascade of intracellular components that mediate its effects, plays a major role in the regulation of skeletal muscle growth. A central component in this cascade is the kinase Akt, also called protein kinase B (PKB), which controls both protein synthesis, via the kinases mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β), and protein degradation, via the transcription factors of the FoxO family. In this paper, we review the composition and function of this pathway in skeletal muscle fibers, focusing on evidence obtained in vivo by transgenic and knockout models and by muscle transient transfection experiments. Although this pathway is essential for muscle growth during development and regeneration, its role in adult muscle response to mechanical load is less clear. A full understanding of the operation of this pathway could help to design molecularly targeted therapeutics aimed at preventing muscle wasting, which occurs in a variety of pathologic contexts and in the course of aging.
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![Figure 4 Myofiber hypertrophy or atrophy induced by transfection of skeletal muscle with mutants of Akt or FoxO. (A) Regenerating rat soleus muscle transfected with plasmid coding for constitutively active Akt1 linked to a hemagglutinin (HA) epitope. Muscle examined 7 days after transfection; section stained for the HA tag. Note the striking hypertrophy of labeled myofibers compared with untransfected neighbouring fibers. Modified from [69]. (B,C) Adult mouse tibialis anterior muscle transfected by electroporation with plasmid coding for constitutively active Ha-tagged FoxO3. Muscle examined 14 days after transfection; section stained for the HA tag. Note the striking atrophy of labeled myofibers compared with untransfected neighboring fibers. A phase-contrast image of the same field is shown in the right panel. Modified from [91].](/paper-figures/359159bcbb5243a7a8bdb7d6fd83c1df/regulation-of-skeletal-muscle-growth-by-the-igf1-akt-pkb-pathway-insights-from-figure-4.jpg)
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“The Akt‐mTOR pathway is central to the regulation of muscle mass because it promotes protein synthesis and inhibits protein degradation (Schiaffino & Mammucari, 2011).”
From Parkin overexpression protects from ageing‐related loss of muscle mass and strength (2019) · cites this paper as Schiaffino & Mammucari, 2011
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“Additionally, it has been discovered that PEs present in cosmetic preparation protect skin from pigmentation and aging163.”
From The Phytochemical, Biological, and Medicinal Attributes of Phytoecdysteroids: An Updated Review (2021) · cites this paper as [163]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Schiaffino, S., & Mammucari, C.
- Affiliations
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine (IT)
- University of Padua (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Schiaffino, Stefano
- Venue
- Skeletal Muscle
- Published
- 2011
- Volume
- 1
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 4
- ISSN
- 2044-5040 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3143906
- OpenAlex
- W2150059080
- Cited by
- 816
- References
- 150
- Citations by year
- 2026: 42 · 2025: 70 · 2024: 68 · 2023: 63 · 2022: 55 · 2021: 59 · 2020: 56 · 2019: 69 · 2018: 68 · 2017: 57 · 2016: 42 · 2015: 46 · 2014: 48 · 2013: 44 · 2012: 23
- FWCI
- 15.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Skeletal Muscle (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Padua Research Archive (University of Padova) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- European Commission
- Università degli Studi di Padova
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Metabolism, Diabetes, and Cancer
- Keywords
- skeletal muscle growth, IGF-1 signaling, mTOR, GSK3β, FOXO transcription factors, muscle regeneration, myogenesis, mechanical loading, muscle atrophy, muscle protein synthesis, protein degradation
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