Cross-sectional and longitudinal associations of screen time and physical activity with school performance at different types of secondary school
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BACKGROUND: Previous studies have already reported associations of media consumption and/or physical activity with school achievement. However, longitudinal studies investigating independent effects of physical activity and media consumption on school performance are sparse. The present study fills this research gap and, furthermore, assesses relationships of the type of secondary school with media consumption and physical activity. METHODS: The consumption of screen-based media (TV/video, game console, PC/internet, and mobile phone) and leisure physical activity (organized and non-organized) of 10 - to 17-year old adolescents participating in the LIFE Child study in Germany were related to their school grades in two major school subjects (Mathematics and German) and in Physical Education. In addition to a cross-sectional analysis at baseline (N = 850), a longitudinal analysis (N = 512) investigated the independent effects of these activities on the school grades achieved 12 months later. All associations were adjusted for age, gender, socio-economic status, year of data assessment, body-mass-index, and school grades at baseline. A further analysis investigated differences in the consumption of screen-based media and physical activity as a function of the type of secondary school (highest vs. lower secondary school). RESULTS: Adolescents of lower secondary schools reported a significantly higher consumption of TV/video and game consoles than adolescents attending the highest secondary school. Independently of the type of school, a better school performance in Mathematics was predicted by a lower consumption of computers/internet, and a better performance in Physical Education was predicted by a lower consumption of TV/video and a higher frequency of non-organized physical activity. However, the association between non-organized physical activity and subsequent grades in Physical Education was significant in girls only. CONCLUSION: The present results suggest that media consumption has a negative effect on school achievement, whereas physical activity has a positive effect, which, however, is restricted to the subject Physical Education. Future studies might explore the relationship between media consumption and school career, for example, the choice or change of the secondary school type, in more detail. TRIAL REGISTRATION: LIFE Child study: ClinicalTrials.gov, clinical trial number NCT02550236.
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Multiple large and cross-national studies report no statistically significant relationship between low levels of gaming and academic performance.
“Multiple large and cross-national studies report no statistically significant relationship between low levels of gaming and academic performance (Drummond & Sauer, 2014;Poulain et al., 2018;Dindar, 2018;Ferguson, 2011;Tot et al., 2022;Adžić et al., 2023).”
From Extracurricular Video Game Use and Academic Achievement: A Systematic Literature Review (2026) · cites this paper as Poulain et al., 2018
The Discussion (Associations of screen time and physical activity with school grades; page unavailable) reports that game-console use was not associated with later Mathematics achievement, and the Results report no significant association between any individual screen medium and later German grades. But the paper does not test a distinct ‘low levels of gaming’ group, and its participants were adolescents in Germany, not a cross-national sample. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSmall amounts of video game time do not necessarily lead to negative academic outcomes.
“Taken together, the evidence suggests that small amounts of video game time do not necessarily lead to negative academic outcomes (Bowers & Berland, 2012;Drummond & Sauer, 2014;Poulain et al., 2018).”
From Extracurricular Video Game Use and Academic Achievement: A Systematic Literature Review (2026) · cites this paper as Poulain et al., 2018
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Visier‐Alfonso, M. E., Ros, L., Sánchez‐López, M., Jiménez‐López, E., & Martínez‐Vizcaíno, V. (2024) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1038/s41390-024-03322-0 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Poulain, T., Ludwig, J., Vogel, M., Hiemisch, A., Körner, A., & Kieß, W. (2020) · Zeitschrift für psychosomatische Medizin und Psychotherapie · doi:10.13109/zptm.2020.66.4.390 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
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Leisure Activities of Adolescents - Associations with Well-Being and Parental Leisure EngagementPreprint
Wanka, F., Vogel, M., Grafe, N., Aßmann, M., Kieß, W., & Poulain, T. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3268763/v1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationExtracurricular Video Game Use and Academic Achievement: A Systematic Literature Review
Hartman, C., Makanoa, T., Thoms, L., Lowry, A., & Chandler, K. (2026) · Journal of Educational Impact · doi:10.70617/jedi2026017
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Chen, M., Li, M., & Cheng, D. (2025) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-6332104/v1
Impact of Screen Exposure on the Academic Performance of Dental Students: A Cross-Sectional Study
Alankaram, R., Premnath, P., Chacko, R. A., & Sneha, V. P. (2025) · International Journal of Community Dentistry · doi:10.56501/intjcommunitydent.v13i1.1225
Silva, D. A., & Rocha, P. A. (2025) · Revista Foco · doi:10.54751/revistafoco.v18n7-093
Saathwik, B., & Ramachandran, A. G. (2025) · AIP conference proceedings · doi:10.1063/5.0277268
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Self-citationMaloney, C. M. C., Atkin, A. J., Beaumont, L. C., Dainty, J. R., & Warburton, V. E. (2026) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0346302
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Screen viewing time from age 1 to 8 years and subsequent academic performance and working memory
Yang, S., Padmapriya, N., Saw, S., Chong, Y. S., Shek, L., Gluckman, P. D., Godfrey, K. M., Eriksson, J. G., Müller‐Riemenschneider, F., Law, E. C. N., et al. (2026) · World Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1007/s12519-026-01046-1
- Authors
- Poulain, T., Peschel, T., Vogel, M., Jurkutat, A., & Kiess, W.
- Affiliations
- Leipzig University (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Poulain, Tanja
- Venue
- BMC Public Health
- Published
- 2018-04-27
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 563-563
- ISSN
- 1471-2458 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5924472
- OpenAlex
- W2805524177
- Cited by
- 43
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 2.75
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- BMC Public Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- European Union
- European Social Fund
- European Regional Development Fund
- Free State of Saxony
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Speech and Hearing › School Health and Nursing Education
- Keywords
- screen time, physical activity, academic performance, adolescents, secondary school type, television viewing, video games, computer and internet use, mobile phone use, organized physical activity, physical education, mathematics achievement, LIFE Child study
- MeSH terms
- Academic Performance, Screen Time, Adolescent, Child, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Germany, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Schools, Exercise
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