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Arthropod steroid hormone (20-Hydroxyecdysone) suppresses IL-1β- induced catabolic gene expression in cartilage
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: In osteoarthritis (OA), the imbalance of chondrocytes' anabolic and catabolic factors can induce cartilage destruction. Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) is a potent pro-inflammatory cytokine that is capable of inducing chondrocytes and synovial cells to synthesize MMPs. The hypoxia-inducible factor-2alpha (HIF-2alpha, encoded by Epas1) is the catabolic transcription factor in the osteoarthritic process. The purpose of this study is to validate the effects of ecdysteroids (Ecd) on IL-1β-induced cartilage catabolism and the possible role of Ecd in treatment or prevention of early OA. METHODS: Chondrocytes and articular cartilage was harvested from newborn ICR mice. Ecd effect on chondrocytes viability was tested and the optimal concentration was determined by MTT assay. The effect of HIF-2α (EPAS1) in cartilage catabolism simulated by IL-1β (5 ng/ml) was evaluated by articular cartilage explants culture. The effects of Ecd on IL-1β-induced inflammatory conditions and their related catabolic genes expression were analyzed. RESULTS: Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) treatment on primary mouse articular cartilage explants enhanced their Epas1, matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-3, MMP-13) and ADAMTS-5 genes expression and down-regulated collagen type II (Col2a1) gene expression. With the pre-treatment of 10(-8) M Ecd, the catabolic effects of IL-1β on articular cartilage were scavenged. CONCLUSION: In conclusions, Ecd can reduce the IL-1β-induced inflammatory effect of the cartilage. Ecd may suppress IL-1β-induced cartilage catabolism via HIF-2α pathway.
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TL;DR
In newborn ICR mouse chondrocytes and articular cartilage explants, IL-1β (5 ng/ml) increased Epas1, MMP-3, MMP-13, and ADAMTS-5 and decreased Col2a1; pretreatment with 10−8 M 20-hydroxyecdysone suppressed these catabolic changes. The authors conclude that Ecd has chondroprotective effects via the HIF-2α pathway, but call for further in vivo and translational work.
Key findings
- Ecd enhanced chondrocyte viability, with maximal benefit at 10−8 M after 10 days of culture (p < 0.01); significant differences from control were observed at tested Ecd concentrations (p < 0.05), and 10−8 M was chosen for further experiments.
- IL-1β treatment enhanced Epas1 mRNA and suppressed Col2a1 in chondrocytes; in articular cartilage explants, IL-1β up-regulated MMP-3, MMP-13, and ADAMTS-5 and down-regulated Col2a1. Pretreatment with 10−8 M Ecd eliminated the IL-1β-enhanced Epas1 expression and down-regulated the catabolic genes, but did not affect Col2a1 in the conditions shown in Figure 2.
- Under hypoxic conditions (3.5% O2), Epas1 expression was higher; Ecd suppressed IL-1β-induced Epas1 and ADAMTS-5 under both hypoxic and normoxic conditions, while MMP-3 was down-regulated only under normoxic conditions. Under hypoxia, IL-1β-mediated ADAMTS-5 up-regulation was the main catabolic mediator, and no significant MMP13 expression was found (data not shown).
Methods
- Primary chondrocytes and articular cartilage explants were harvested from newborn ICR mice (3 days old); chondrocytes were isolated by collagenase digestion and cultured. Viability was tested by MTT assay with Ecd at 10−6 to 10−10 M on days 1, 3, 7, and 10 (n = 8).
- Cartilage explants were pre-incubated with or without Ecd (10−8 M), then treated with IL-1β (5 ng/ml); Ecd was added 24 hours before or after IL-1β, and explants were incubated under hypoxic (3.5% O2) or normoxic conditions.
- Gene expression was analyzed by RT-PCR for Col2a1, MMP-3, MMP-13, ADAMTS5, EPAS1, and β-actin at 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, and 36 hours after Ecd addition. Experiments were performed at least in triplicate; results were analyzed by two-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s test at p < 0.05.
Limitations
- The authors state that further in vivo HIF-1alpha gene knock-down and translational medicine studies are mandatory for possible clinical application.
- Evident from the text: the study is limited to in vitro mouse chondrocyte cultures and articular cartilage explants, with no in vivo osteoarthritis model, protein/activity assays, or histological outcomes reported.
- Evident from the text: Ecd did not affect Col2a1 in Figure 2, and MMP13 expression under hypoxic conditions was not shown, limiting conclusions about full phenotypic recovery and hypoxic MMP13 involvement.
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22 Own result · 15 Not checked yet · 9 Own interpretation · 2 Own method · 1 No basis given
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In the paper
“Under hypoxic condition, IL-1β mediates HIF-2α–induced up-regulation of ADAMTS-5 gene (but not MMP3 or MMP13 genes) in articular cartilage (Figure 4C and D)”
§ Arthropod steroid hormone (20-Hydroxyecdysone) suppresses IL-1β- induced catabolic gene expression in cartilage > Results > Ecd protect cartilage explants both in hypoxic and normoxic condition
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“there was no significant expression on MMP13 gene under hypoxic condition (data not shown).”
§ Arthropod steroid hormone (20-Hydroxyecdysone) suppresses IL-1β- induced catabolic gene expression in cartilage > Results > Ecd protect cartilage explants both in hypoxic and normoxic condition
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“with the pretreatment of 10−8M Ecd, the catabolic factor genes upregulated by IL-1β treatment are eliminated.”
§ Arthropod steroid hormone (20-Hydroxyecdysone) suppresses IL-1β- induced catabolic gene expression in cartilage > Results > Ecd pre-treatment reduce the catabolic effect of IL-1β on the cartilage explants
plaindirectn = 8 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Under hypoxic condition, IL-1β mediates HIF-2α–induced up-regulation of ADAMTS-5 gene (but not MMP3 or MMP13 genes) in articular cartilage (Figure 4C and D)”
§ Arthropod steroid hormone (20-Hydroxyecdysone) suppresses IL-1β- induced catabolic gene expression in cartilage > Results > Ecd protect cartilage explants both in hypoxic and normoxic condition
plainn = 8- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Same as noted above, IL-1β enhances Epas1 mRNA expression and suppresses collagen type II (Col2a1) gene expression.”
§ Arthropod steroid hormone (20-Hydroxyecdysone) suppresses IL-1β- induced catabolic gene expression in cartilage > Results > Ecd pre-treatment reduce the catabolic effect of IL-1β on the cartilage explants
plaindirectn = 8- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“with the pretreatment of 10−8M Ecd, the catabolic factor genes upregulated by IL-1β treatment are eliminated.”
§ Arthropod steroid hormone (20-Hydroxyecdysone) suppresses IL-1β- induced catabolic gene expression in cartilage > Results > Ecd pre-treatment reduce the catabolic effect of IL-1β on the cartilage explants
plaindirectn = 8 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In this study, there is significant difference observed between treated cells with that of the control (p < 0.05).”
- Also stated in: § Ecd treatment enhance chondrocytes viability · plain
“Chondrocytes at every concentration proliferate actively, with significant statistical differences observed between chondrocytes treated with Ecd and that of the control.”
§ Arthropod steroid hormone (20-Hydroxyecdysone) suppresses IL-1β- induced catabolic gene expression in cartilage > Results > Ecd treatment enhance chondrocytes viability
plaindirectn = 8 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Ecd treatment enhance chondrocytes viability · plain
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In the paper
“We chose 10−8 M Ecd for the further evaluation because there is maximal viability of chondrocytes at this concentration (p < 0.01) at the 10th day’s culture.”
§ Arthropod steroid hormone (20-Hydroxyecdysone) suppresses IL-1β- induced catabolic gene expression in cartilage > Results > Ecd treatment enhance chondrocytes viability
plaincorrelationaln = 8 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“interleukin-1β (IL-1β) treatment of primary mouse articular chondrocyte cultures enhance Epas1 mRNA expression, while suppress collagen type II (Col2a1) gene expression (Figure 1B, C).”
§ Arthropod steroid hormone (20-Hydroxyecdysone) suppresses IL-1β- induced catabolic gene expression in cartilage > Results > IL-1β induce HIF-2α (encoded by Epas1) gene expression in chondrocytes
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“while in hypoxic condition, Ecd pre-treatment eliminates the IL-1β-induced Col2a1 gene down-regulation (Figure 4B).”
§ Arthropod steroid hormone (20-Hydroxyecdysone) suppresses IL-1β- induced catabolic gene expression in cartilage > Results > Ecd protect cartilage explants both in hypoxic and normoxic condition
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“but there is also no effect on Col2a1 gene expression (Figure 2).”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“but there is no ability to recover the cartilage phenotype as Col2a1 gene was not affected (Figure 4).”
§ Arthropod steroid hormone (20-Hydroxyecdysone) suppresses IL-1β- induced catabolic gene expression in cartilage > Results > Ecd pre-treatment reduce the catabolic effect of IL-1β on the cartilage explants
plainn = 8- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In ovariectomized rats, pure Ecd supplementation significantly increased in the thickness of joint cartilage and presented beneficial effects in bones.”
§ Arthropod steroid hormone (20-Hydroxyecdysone) suppresses IL-1β- induced catabolic gene expression in cartilage > Background
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [13] Kapur P, Wuttke W, Jarry H, Seidlova-Wuttke D. Beneficial effects of beta-Ecdysone on the joint, epiphyseal cartilage tissue and trabecular bone in ovariectomized rats. Phytomedicine. 2010;17(5):350–5. source
- Not checked yetcites [14] Zhang X, Xu X, Xu T, Qin S. β-Ecdysterone suppresses interleukin-1β-induced apoptosis and inflammation in rat chondrocytes via inhibition of NF-κB signaling pathway. Drug Dev Res. 2014;75(3):195–201. source
- Not checked yetcites [15] He CC, Hui RR, Tezuka Y, Kadota S, Li JX. Osteoprotective effect of extract from Achyranthes bidentata in ovariectomized rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 2010;127(2):229–34. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Instead, IL-1β and certain other inflammatory mediators promote activation of latent ADAMTS-5, as does hypertrophic differentiation in chondrocytes [3,4].”
§ Arthropod steroid hormone (20-Hydroxyecdysone) suppresses IL-1β- induced catabolic gene expression in cartilage > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [3] Saito T, Fukai A, Mabuchi A, Ikeda T, Yano F, Ohba S, et al. Transcriptional regulation of endochondral ossification by HIF-2alpha during skeletal growth and osteoarthritis development. Nat Med. 2010;16(6):678–86. source
- Not checked yetcites [4] Yang S, Kim J, Ryu JH, Oh H, Chun CH, Kim BJ, et al. Hypoxia-inducible factor-2alpha is a catabolic regulator of osteoarthritic cartilage destruction. Nat Med. 2010;16(6):687–93. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In spite of a large variability of expression levels among different patients, MMP-3 appeared to be strongly expressed in normal and early degenerative cartilage and down-regulated in the late disease stages.”
§ Arthropod steroid hormone (20-Hydroxyecdysone) suppresses IL-1β- induced catabolic gene expression in cartilage > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [31] Aigner T, Zien A, Hanisch D, Zimmer R. Gene expression in chondrocytes assessed with use of microarrays. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2003;85-A Suppl 2:117–23. source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The Ecd is frequently used by body builders and from these users it is known that Ecd has no known adverse effects even when taken up in gram (~1 g) quantities [16].”
§ Arthropod steroid hormone (20-Hydroxyecdysone) suppresses IL-1β- induced catabolic gene expression in cartilage > Background
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [16] Dinan L, Lafont R. Effects and applications of arthropod steroid hormones (ecdysteroids) in mammals. J Endocrinol. 2006;191(1):1–8. source
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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In the paper
“It is reported that HIF-2α (like IL-1β) does not induce transcription of ADAMTS5 [3,4].”
§ Arthropod steroid hormone (20-Hydroxyecdysone) suppresses IL-1β- induced catabolic gene expression in cartilage > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [3] Saito T, Fukai A, Mabuchi A, Ikeda T, Yano F, Ohba S, et al. Transcriptional regulation of endochondral ossification by HIF-2alpha during skeletal growth and osteoarthritis development. Nat Med. 2010;16(6):678–86. source
- Not checked yetcites [4] Yang S, Kim J, Ryu JH, Oh H, Chun CH, Kim BJ, et al. Hypoxia-inducible factor-2alpha is a catabolic regulator of osteoarthritic cartilage destruction. Nat Med. 2010;16(6):687–93. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“According to this paradigm, a stress-induced increase in the activity of HIF-2α will overshadow the beneficial effects of the closely related HIF-1α, then push the chondrocytes in the joint toward a more differentiated state known as hypertrophy, which then drives osteoarthritis changes [6,7].”
§ Arthropod steroid hormone (20-Hydroxyecdysone) suppresses IL-1β- induced catabolic gene expression in cartilage > Background
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [6] Husa M, Liu-Bryan R, Terkeltaub R. Shifting HIFs in osteoarthritis. Nat Med. 2010;16(6):641–4. source
- Not checked yetcites [7] Ryu JH, Shin Y, Huh YH, Yang S, Chun CH, Chun JS. Hypoxia-inducible factor-2α regulates Fas-mediated chondrocyte apoptosis during osteoarthritic cartilage destruction. Cell Death Differ. 2012;19(3):440–50. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Together, these findings implicate hypoxic signaling as a central regulator of skeletal biology and disease [32].”
§ Arthropod steroid hormone (20-Hydroxyecdysone) suppresses IL-1β- induced catabolic gene expression in cartilage > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [32] Rankin EB, Giaccia AJ, Schipani E. A central role for hypoxic signaling in cartilage, bone, and hematopoiesis. Curr Osteoporos Rep. 2011;9(2):46–52. source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The findings of our study are consistent with the observations that inflammation of articular cartilage stimulates ADAMTS5 activation.”
§ Arthropod steroid hormone (20-Hydroxyecdysone) suppresses IL-1β- induced catabolic gene expression in cartilage > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“During OA, ADAMTS-4 (aggrecanase 1) [28] and ADAMTS-5 (aggrecanase 2) [29,30] have been implicated prominently in cartilage breakdown.”
§ Arthropod steroid hormone (20-Hydroxyecdysone) suppresses IL-1β- induced catabolic gene expression in cartilage > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [28] Poole AR, Nelson F, Dahlberg L, Tchetina E, Kobayashi M, Yasuda T, et al. Proteolysis of the collagen fibril in osteoarthritis. Biochem Soc Symp. 2003;70:115–23. source
- Not checked yetcites [29] Tortorella MD, Burn TC, Pratta MA, Abbaszade I, Hollis JM, Liu R, et al. Purification and cloning of aggrecanase-1: a member of the ADAMTS family of proteins. Science. 1999;284(5420):1664–6. source
- Not checked yetcites [30] Pattoli MA, MacMaster JF, Gregor KR, Burke JR. Collagen and aggrecan degradation is blocked in interleukin-1-treated cartilage explants by an inhibitor of IkappaB kinase through suppression of metalloproteinase expression. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2005;315(1):382–8. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The degradation of aggrecan by aggrecanases has gained special interest, because it constitutes an early event in osteoarthritic cartilage damage and is followed by the irreversible loss of collagens [27].”
§ Arthropod steroid hormone (20-Hydroxyecdysone) suppresses IL-1β- induced catabolic gene expression in cartilage > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [27] Brooks PM. The burden of musculoskeletal disease–a global perspective. Clin Rheumatol. 2006;25(6):778–81. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“For each genes analysis, the experiments were repeated at least three times.”
§ Arthropod steroid hormone (20-Hydroxyecdysone) suppresses IL-1β- induced catabolic gene expression in cartilage > Methods > Gene expression analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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In the paper
“In mammals, Ecd has protein anabolic effects and increases muscle mass of unexercised and exercised muscle [11,12].”
§ Arthropod steroid hormone (20-Hydroxyecdysone) suppresses IL-1β- induced catabolic gene expression in cartilage > Background
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [11] Báthori M, Tóth N, Hunyadi A, Márki A, Zádor E. Phytoecdysteroids and anabolic-androgenic steroids–structure and effects on humans. Curr Med Chem. 2008;15(1):75–91. source
- Not checked yetcites [12] Gorelick-Feldman J, Maclean D, Ilic N, Poulev A, Lila MA, Cheng D, et al. Phytoecdysteroids increase protein synthesis in skeletal muscle cells. J Agric Food Chem. 2008;56(10):3532–7. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All experiments were performed at least in triplicate.”
§ Arthropod steroid hormone (20-Hydroxyecdysone) suppresses IL-1β- induced catabolic gene expression in cartilage > Methods > Statistical analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In the early phases of OA, MMP-13 is predominantly expressed in the lower intermediate and deep layers of human and mouse cartilage, whereas aggrecanases are expressed in the superficial cartilage [25,26].”
§ Arthropod steroid hormone (20-Hydroxyecdysone) suppresses IL-1β- induced catabolic gene expression in cartilage > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [25] Brew CJ, Clegg PD, Boot-Handford RP, Andrew JG, Hardingham T. Gene expression in human chondrocytes in late osteoarthritis is changed in both fibrillated and intact cartilage without evidence of generalised chondrocyte hypertrophy. Ann Rheum Dis. 2010;69(1):234–40. source
- Not checked yetcites [26] Little CB, Barai A, Burkhardt D, Smith SM, Fosang AJ, Werb Z, et al. Matrix metalloproteinase 13-deficient mice are resistant to osteoarthritic cartilage erosion but not chondrocyte hypertrophy or osteophyte development. Arthritis Rheum. 2009;60(12):3723–33. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Epas1 gene expression is a valid proxy for HIF-2α activity.
“The hypoxia-inducible factor-2alpha (HIF-2α, encoded by Epas1) is a catabolic transcription factor in the osteoarthritic process.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Findings in mouse articular cartilage explants are relevant to human OA.
“The purpose of this study is to validate the effects of Ecd on IL-1β- induced cartilage destruction and also the possible role of Ecd in treatment or prevention of early OA.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“In addition, 20E scavenged the increase in catabolic processes and decrease in anabolic processes and largely restored the balance in primary explanted articular chondrocytes [39], confirming a protective effect in OA.”
From Molecular Targets of 20-Hydroxyecdysone in Mammals, Mechanism of Action: Is It a Calorie Restriction Mimetic and Anti-Aging Compound? (2025) · cites this paper as [39]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Citations
Cites
Goldring, M. B., & Goldring, S. R. (2007) · Journal of Cellular Physiology · doi:10.1002/jcp.21258 · Cited by 1,179
Purification and Cloning of Aggrecanase-1: A Member of the ADAMTS Family of Proteins
Tortorella, M. D., Burn, T. C., Pratta, M. A., Abbaszade, I., Hollis, J. M., Liu, R., Rosenfeld, S. A., Copeland, R. A., Decicco, C. P., Wynn, R., et al. (1999) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.284.5420.1664 · Cited by 686
Little, C. B., Barai, A., Burkhardt, D., Smith, S. M., Fosang, A. J., Werb, Z., Shah, M., & Thompson, E. W. (2009) · Arthritis & Rheumatism · doi:10.1002/art.25002 · Cited by 642
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Metadata
- Authors
- Sheu, S.-Y., Ho, S.-R., Sun, J.-S., Chen, C.-Y., & Ke, C.-J.
- Affiliations
- Taipei Medical University (TW)
- National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University (TW)
- National Taiwan University (TW)
- Corresponding author
- Sun, Jui-Sheng
- Venue
- BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine
- Published
- 2015-01-24
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-1
- ISSN
- 1472-6882 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4310028
- OpenAlex
- W2005726309
- Semantic Scholar
- 2d21a907221820c599a0466437d4df9f7688707f
- Cited by
- 181
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 2
- FWCI
- 15.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Council
- National Taiwan University Hospital
- National Taiwan University
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rheumatology › Osteoarthritis Treatment and Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Protease and Inhibitor Mechanisms
- Keywords
- 20-hydroxyecdysone, ecdysteroids, osteoarthritis, cartilage catabolism, IL-1β, HIF-2α, EPAS1, chondrocytes, matrix metalloproteinases, ADAMTS5, type II collagen, articular cartilage, inflammation
- MeSH terms
- Endothelial PAS Domain-Containing Protein 1, Animals, Arthropods, Cartilage, Cartilage, Articular, Cells, Cultured, Ecdysterone, Male, Mice, Inbred ICR, Osteoarthritis, Synovial Membrane, Transcription Factors, Down-Regulation, Gene Expression, Cytokines, Matrix Metalloproteinase 3, Chondrocytes, Collagen Type II, Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins, Matrix Metalloproteinase 13, Interleukin-1beta
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