Cited by 540Physical Activity and HealthObesity, Physical Activity, DietChildren's Physical and Motor Development

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Parental correlates in child and adolescent physical activity: a meta-analysis

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Yao, Christopher A, Rhodes, Ryan E·2015·International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity

DOI 10.1186/s12966-015-0163-yPMC PMC4363182

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Abstract

OBJECTIVE: Physical activity (PA) has a profound impact on health and development in children. Parental behaviors (i.e., modeling and support) represent an obvious important factor in child PA. The purpose of this paper was to provide a comprehensive meta-analysis that overcomes the limitations of prior narrative reviews and quantitative reviews with small samples. METHODS: Ten major databases were used in the literature search. One-hundred and fifteen studies passed the eligibility criteria. Both fixed and random effects models with correction for sampling and measurement error were examined in the analysis. Moderator analyses investigating the effects of child's developmental age, study design, parental gender, measurement of child PA, and quality rating were performed. RESULTS: Based on the random effects model, the results showed that parental modeling was weakly associated with child PA (summary r = .16, 95% CI .09-.24) and none of the proposed moderators were significant. Separate analyses examining the moderating effects of parental gender and boys' PA found that that father-son PA modeling (r = .29, 95% CI .21-.36) was significantly higher compared to mother-son PA (r = .19, 95% CI .14-.23; p < .05). However, parental gender did not moderate the relationship between parental modeling and girls' PA (p > .05). The random effects model indicated an overall moderate effect size for the parental support and child PA relationship (summary r = .38, 95% CI .30-.46). Here, the only significant moderating variable was the measurement of child PA (objective: r = .20, 95% CI .13-.26; reported: r = .46, 95% CI .37-.55; p < .01). CONCLUSIONS: Parental support and modeling relate to child PA, yet our results revealed a significant degree of heterogeneity among the studies that could not be explained well by our proposed moderators.

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Factors influencing parental attitudes toward the shift of junior high school extracurricular sports activities into local communities:
HAYASHIDA, T., DAIGO, E., & Shimizu, N. (2024) · Taiikugaku kenkyu (Japan Journal of Physical Education Health and Sport Sciences) · doi:10.5432/jjpehss.24012
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“Second, increased parental PA may lead to increases in children’s PA (Yao & Rhodes, 2015), directly improving children’s health.”
Entwicklung einer Skala zur Erfassung elterlicher Unterstützung für die körperlich-sportliche Aktivität von Kindern im Grundschulalter
Ennigkeit, F., Czogalla, J., & Heim, C. (2024) · German Journal of Exercise and Sport Research · doi:10.1007/s12662-024-00981-3
“Auch dies entspricht den Be-fundenausmehrerenÜbersichtsarbeiten (z. B. Beets et al., 2010; Yao & Rhodes, 2015), in denen häuﬁg die instrumentelle Unterstützung am stärksten mit der kör-perlich-sportlichen Aktivität der Kinder in Zusammenhang stand.”
Influential
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“15,16 Previous reviews of studies on the in ﬂ uence of parental modelling assessing the correlation between parent and child PA has presented mixed results.”
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“This aligns with the Theory of Planned Behavior as parental intention toward physical activity is better matched with the behavior of actual physical activity for the children (Ajzen, 1991; Rhodes et al., 2019; Yao & Rhodes, 2015).”
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“…of child developmental and clinical psychology and health studies, including one that identifies parenting as a key etiological factor in the development of childhood anxiety [18], and another that demonstrates the central role of parental influences in shaping children’s physical activity [27].”
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Self-citation
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“Adolescent-reported parental support was prioritized because prior studies [49, 50] have shown stronger associations between adolescent-reported support and youth PA than parent-reported measures.”
Additional file 1 of The interaction of behavioral context and motivational-volitional factors for exercise and sport in adolescence: patterns matter
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Additional file 4 of The interaction of behavioral context and motivational-volitional factors for exercise and sport in adolescence: patterns matter
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Additional file 1 of The associations between social support change and physical activity trajectory from late adolescence to young adulthood
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Additional file 2 of Paternal and maternal support of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity in children on weekdays and weekends: a cross-sectional study
An, M., Chen, T., Zhou, Q., & Ma, J. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.16714305
Additional file 1 of How the COVID-19 pandemic and related school closures reduce physical activity among children and adolescents in the WHO European Region: a systematic review and meta-analysis
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Additional file 2 of The interaction of behavioral context and motivational-volitional factors for exercise and sport in adolescence: patterns matter
Gut, V., Schmid, J., & Conzelmann, A. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.12211307
Additional file 2 of Parental support for physical activity and children’s physical activities: a cross-sectional study
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Additional file 1 of Parents’ knowledge, perceptions and support around appropriate physical activity, screen time and sleep time levels for children
Howard, M., & Akhund, S. A. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26722866
Additional file 1 of Parental support for physical activity and children’s physical activities: a cross-sectional study
Hosokawa, R., Fujimoto, M., & Katsura, T. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.23751829
Additional file 1 of A multi-perspective qualitative exploration of the reasons for changes in the physical activity among 10–11-year-old children following the easing of the COVID-19 lockdown in the UK in 2021
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Additional file 1 of Paternal and maternal support of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity in children on weekdays and weekends: a cross-sectional study
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Additional file 1 of Sex differences in the trajectories of and factors related to extracurricular sport participation and exercise: a cohort study spanning 13 years
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Additional file 3 of The interaction of behavioral context and motivational-volitional factors for exercise and sport in adolescence: patterns matter
Gut, V., Schmid, J., & Conzelmann, A. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.12211316
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Hänggi, J. M., Lovison, G., Jeong, A., Dössegger, A., Taube, W., Kayser, B., Suggs, L. S., Bringolf‐Isler, B., & Probst-Hensch, N. M. (2026) · Journal of Activity Sedentary and Sleep Behaviors · doi:10.1186/s44167-025-00092-w
“Within the concept of parental modelling, rooted in social cognitive theory [9], parents are considered major determinants of children’s PA behaviour [10, 11].”
Correlates of Parental Physical Activity: A Quantitative Systematic Review
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Associations between parental and child physical activity and screen time during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic
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“In addition, child ST measures did not differentiate between recreational and non-recreational use, potentially in ﬂ ating prevalence estimates, and data were available for only one parent – child dyad per household, precluding assessment of gender-matched and unmatched dyads (Yao and Rhodes, 2015).”
Influential

Authors: Yao, C. A., & Rhodes, R. E.
Affiliations: University of Victoria (CA)
Corresponding author: Yao, Christopher A
ORCID: Yao, Christopher A
Rhodes, Ryan E
Venue: International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2015-02-11
Volume: 12
Issue: 1
Pages: 10-10
ISSN: 1479-5868 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1186/s12966-015-0163-y
PMC: PMC4363182
OpenAlex: W2159936916
Cited by: 540
References: 151
Citations by year: 2026: 53 · 2025: 51 · 2024: 48 · 2023: 53 · 2022: 56 · 2021: 47 · 2020: 86 · 2019: 37 · 2018: 37 · 2017: 34 · 2016: 29 · 2015: 7
FWCI: 4.39
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 (unspecified)
Locations: International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
UVic’s Research and Learning Repository (University of Victoria) (submittedVersion, public-domain)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Physical Activity and Health
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Children's Physical and Motor Development
Keywords: children's physical activity, adolescent physical activity, parental role modeling, parental support, parental gender
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adolescent Behavior, Child, Child Behavior, Female, Humans, Male, Motor Activity, Parents, Social Support, Health Behavior, Exercise, Parenting

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Parental correlates in child and adolescent physical activity: a meta-analysis

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