Nanopolystyrene translocation and fetal deposition after acute lung exposure during late-stage pregnancy
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Abstract
Background: Plastic is everywhere. It is used in food packaging, storage containers, electronics, furniture, clothing, and common single-use disposable items. Microplastic and nanoplastic particulates are formed from bulk fragmentation and disintegration of plastic pollution. Plastic particulates have recently been detected in indoor air and remote atmospheric fallout. Due to their small size, microplastic and nanoplastic particulate in the atmosphere can be inhaled and may pose a risk for human health, specifically in susceptible populations. When inhaled, nanosized particles have been shown to translocate across pulmonary cell barriers to secondary organs, including the placenta. However, the potential for maternal-to-fetal translocation of nanosized-plastic particles and the impact of nanoplastic deposition or accumulation on fetal health remain unknown. In this study we investigated whether nanopolystyrene particles can cross the placental barrier and deposit in fetal tissues after maternal pulmonary exposure. Results: Pregnant Sprague Dawley rats were exposed to 20 nm rhodamine-labeled nanopolystyrene beads (2.64 × 10 14 particles) via intratracheal instillation on gestational day (GD) 19. Twenty-four hours later on GD 20, maternal and fetal tissues were evaluated using fluorescent optical imaging. Fetal tissues were fixed for particle visualization with hyperspectral microscopy. Using isolated placental perfusion, a known concentration of nanopolystyrene was injected into the uterine artery. Maternal and fetal effluents were collected for 180 min and assessed for polystyrene particle concentration. Twenty-four hours after maternal exposure, fetal and placental weights were significantly lower (7 and 8%, respectively) compared with controls. Nanopolystyrene particles were detected in the maternal lung, heart, and spleen. Polystyrene nanoparticles were also observed in the placenta, fetal liver, lungs, heart, kidney, and brain suggesting maternal lung-to-fetal tissue nanoparticle translocation in late stage pregnancy. Conclusion: These studies confirm that maternal pulmonary exposure to nanopolystyrene results in the translocation of plastic particles to placental and fetal tissues and renders the fetoplacental unit vulnerable to adverse effects. These data are vital to the understanding of plastic particulate toxicology and the developmental origins of health and disease.
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Because nanoplastic particles can cross biological barriers, they might play a predominant role in toxicity evaluation despite their trivial contribution to mass.
“However, given the capability of these nanoplastic particles to cross the biological barrier, nanoparticles, despite the seemingly trivial contribution to the mass measurement, might play a predominant role in terms of toxicity evaluation (72, 73).”
From Rapid single-particle chemical imaging of nanoplastics by SRS microscopy (2024) · cites this paper as [72]
The Discussion (page unavailable) reports that inhaled nanopolystyrene crossed the placenta into fetal tissues and was associated with adverse fetal outcomes, supporting the concern about toxicity. It does not say that nanoparticles make a trivial contribution to measured plastic mass or that they may play a predominant role in toxicity evaluation relative to other particles. (LLM, conf=0.85)
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Health impacts of microplastic and nanoplastic exposure
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“Also, a single intratracheal dose during gestation resulted in maternal-to-fetal translocation of PS NP [59].”
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Health risk of human exposure to microplastics: a review
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“An in vitro study revealed polystyrene microplastics exposure caused significant decline in fetal and placental weights (Fournier et al. 2020), which aligns with the findings of Park et al. (2020) reporting a reduction in the body weight of mice offspring, in addition to altered number of live…”
InfluentialSurface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy for the detection of microplastics
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Newly Emerging Airborne Pollutants: Current Knowledge of Health Impact of Micro and Nanoplastics
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Removal of polystyrene nanoplastics from water by Cu Ni carbon material: The role of adsorption
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Microplastics exposure: implications for human fertility, pregnancy and child health
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“This leaves a gap for future research on other or speci fi c polymer sources of airborne MPs.”
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Microplastics in infant milk powder
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Microplastics as Emerging Food Contaminants: A Challenge for Food Safety
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“Some evidence suggest that MPs are able to pass through the human placental barrier [69,70].”
BackgroundAtmospheric microplastics: exposure, toxicity, and detrimental health effects
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A Children’s Health Perspective on Nano- and Microplastics
Sripada, K., Wierzbicka, A., Abass, K., Grimalt, J. O., Erbe, A., Röllin, H. B., Weihe, P., Díaz, G. J., Singh, R. R., Visnes, T., et al. (2022) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp9086 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
“Insoluble particles <10 lm, which can reach and deposit in large numbers in the alveolar region, may cause inflammation and systemic changes even if the material they are composed of is not potentially toxic (Garcés et al. 2021).”
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“More-over, in a lung exposure mouse model, PS-NPs (20 nm in diameter) could translocate from mouse maternal lungs to placental and fetal tissues and thus disturb mouse fetal development [33].”
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How many microplastics do we ingest when using disposable drink cups?
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Air quality and respiratory health in children
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“In this study, we established a PS-NP-induced lung injury model in mice based on a recent study that simulated realistic nanoparticle exposure in humans [19].”
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Microplastics: A Matter of the Heart (and Vascular System)
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“Interestingly, upon inhalation, authors identified PS-NPs in the cardiac tissue of pregnant rats and foetuses after acute exposure [73].”
BackgroundMethodPolystyrene bead ingestion promotes adiposity and cardiometabolic disease in mice
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“Pregnant rats inhaling polystyrene nanoparticles enter the body, transfer from lungs to systemic tissues, and pass through the placental barrier to fetal tissues and organs (Fournier et al. 2020).”
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A Systematic Review of the Placental Translocation of Micro- and Nanoplastics
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“87 To support this, there have been numerous reports showing in mammals and other species that MPs can accumulate in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract due to their detection in the stool and tissue.”
Airborne microplastics: A narrative review of potential effects on the human respiratory system
Vattanasit, U., Kongpran, J., & Araki, A. (2023) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166745 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
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“After maternal rats expose to NPs during pregnancy and lactation, deposition of NPs can be observed in the brain, liver, lungs, kidneys, and heart tissues of offspring rats (Fournier et al., 2020).”
BackgroundThe hidden threat: Unraveling the impact of microplastics on reproductive health
Wang, M., Wu, Y., Li, G., Xiong, Y., Zhang, Y., & Zhang, M. (2024) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173177 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Atmospheric microplastic and nanoplastic: The toxicological paradigm on the cellular system
Choudhury, A., Simnani, F. Z., Singh, D., Patel, P., Sinha, A., Nandi, A., Ghosh, A., Saha, U., Kumari, K., Jaganathan, S. K., et al. (2023) · Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety · doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115018 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Beyond the promise: Exploring the complex interactions of nanoparticles within biological systems
Ji, Y., Wang, Y., Wang, X., Lv, C., Zhou, Q., Jiang, G., Yan, B., & Chen, L. (2024) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133800 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Airborne micro- and nanoplastics: emerging causes of respiratory diseases
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Sources, Degradation, Ingestion and Effects of Microplastics on Humans: A Review
Lin, Y.-D., Huang, P., Chen, Y., Hsieh, C., Tain, Y., Lee, B., Hou, C., & Shih, M. (2023) · Toxics · doi:10.3390/toxics11090747 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Plastic particles in medicine: A systematic review of exposure and effects to human health
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Journey of micronanoplastics with blood components
Rajendran, D., & Chandrasekaran, N. (2023) · RSC Advances · doi:10.1039/d3ra05620a · Cited by 94 · see citing works
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“Besides, we observed that the exposure of PS-NPs by intravenous injection led to a significant reduction in fetal weight and placental weight, which is consistent with the finding of Fournier’s study using the rats model after the maternal pulmonary exposure to nanoplastics (Fournier et al. 2020).”
ResultAirborne microplastics detected in the lungs of wild birds in Japan
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“State-of-the-art particle tracing technologies, such as the synthesis of MnPs doped with rare metals or tagged with fluorescent labels, 120,156 provide the potential to alleviate existing detection limitations.”
BackgroundNikolić, S., Gazdic, M., Rosic, G. L., Kovačević, M. M., Jovicic, N. U., Nestorović, N. M., Stojković, P., Filipović, N., Milošević-Djordjević, O., Selaković, D., et al. (2022) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119206 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
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“For instance, MPs were detected in the fetal brain in rats exposed to nano-PS via intratracheal instillation (2.64 × 1014 particles) in late gestation (Fournier et al., 2020).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialDetection and analysis of microplastics in tissues and blood of human cervical cancer patients
Xu, H., Dong, C., Yu, Z., Ozaki, Y., Hu, Z., Zhang, B., Yao, W., Yu, J., & Xie, Y. (2024) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2024.119498 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Microplastic and nanoplastic transfer, accumulation, and toxicity in humans
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Self-citationThe potential toxicity of polystyrene nanoplastics to human trophoblasts in vitro
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Shin, H. S., Lee, S. H., Moon, H. J., So, Y. H., Lee, H. R., Lee, E.-H., & Jung, E.-M. (2023) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131465 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Microplastic pollution in wild populations of decapod crustaceans: A review
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Effects of microplastics on the kidneys: a narrative review
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“Recently, Enhanced Darkfield (EDF) nanoscale hyperspectral spectroscopic imaging (HSI) has shown promise for MP detection in complex matrices as it can detect MP in the range of ultrafine nanometer size fraction (Fournier et al. 2020).”
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Harnessing PET to track micro- and nanoplastics in vivo
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Microplastics as an emerging threat to human health: An overview of potential health impacts.
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“Ragusa et al. discovered particulate polystyrene in the placenta and breast milk, and a study of acute exposure of SD rat lungs to polystyrene nanorods demonstrated NP transfer to the placenta and fetal tissues, and plastic NPs were observed in the fetal brain [37].”
Background
- Authors
- Fournier, S. B., D’Errico, J. N., Adler, D. S., Kollontzi, S., Goedken, M. J., Fabris, L., Yurkow, E. J., & Stapleton, P. A.
- Affiliations
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (US)
- Corresponding author
- Stapleton, Phoebe A.
- Venue
- Particle and Fibre Toxicology
- Published
- 2020-10-24
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 55-55
- ISSN
- 1743-8977 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7585297
- OpenAlex
- W3094032648
- Semantic Scholar
- dcf614bf21877a0149197c66ae35c909f27165a8
- Cited by
- 482
- References
- 60
- Citations by year
- 2026: 73 · 2025: 111 · 2024: 110 · 2023: 95 · 2022: 67 · 2021: 26
- FWCI
- 11.59
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Particle and Fibre Toxicology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Research Square (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PORTO@Iris (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Rutgers University Community Repository (Rutgers University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (R00-ES024783, P30-ES005022, T32-ES007148)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Microplastics and Plastic Pollution
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › Nanoparticles: synthesis and applications
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Air Quality and Health Impacts
- Keywords
- polystyrene nanoparticles, nanoplastics, placental barrier, fetal growth restriction, placental perfusion, intratracheal instillation, developmental origins of health and disease
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Female, Fetus, Humans, Maternal-Fetal Exchange, Particle Size, Placenta, Plastics, Polystyrenes, Pregnancy, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Maternal Exposure, Inhalation Exposure, Rats
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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