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A statistical approach for identifying differential distributions in single-cell RNA-seq experiments
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Abstract
Abstract The ability to quantify cellular heterogeneity is a major advantage of single-cell technologies. Although understanding such heterogeneity is of primary interest in a number of studies, for convenience, statistical methods often treat cellular heterogeneity as a nuisance factor. We present a novel method to characterize differences in expression in the presence of distinct expression states within and among biological conditions. Using simulated and case study data, we demonstrate that the modeling framework is able to detect differential expression patterns of interest under a wide range of settings. Compared to existing approaches, scDD has higher power to detect subtle differences in gene expression distributions that are more complex than a mean shift, and is able to characterize those differences. The freely available R package scDD implements the approach.
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![Fig. 2 Comparison of modality in bulk versus single cells. Bar plot of the proportion of genes (or transcripts) in each dataset where the log-transformed nonzero expression measurements are best fit by a 1, 2, or 3 + mode normal mixture model (where 3+ denotes 3 or more). Modality is determined using a Bayesian information selection criterion with filtering (see “Partition estimation”). Red shades denote bulk RNA-seq datasets, and blue shades denote single-cell datasets. The number following each dataset label indicates the number of samples present (e.g., GE.50 is a bulk dataset with 50 samples). Datasets GE.50, GE.75, and GE.100 are constructed by randomly sampling 50, 75, and 100 samples from GEUVADIS [56]. Dataset LC consists of 77 normal samples from the TCGA lung adenocarcinoma study [57]. For details of the single-cell datasets, see “Methods”](/paper-figures/33c4e9b6ce2c48ed9745ff195d2375a8/a-statistical-approach-for-identifying-differential-distributions-in-single-cell-figure-2.jpg)



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“Furthermore, papers evaluating the performance of single-cell-specific tools all compute the simulations as if cells were independent15–21.”
From A practical solution to pseudoreplication bias in single-cell studies (2021) · cites this paper as [18]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Korthauer, K. D., Chu, L.-F., Newton, M. A., Li, Y., Thomson, J., Stewart, R., & Kendziorski, C.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- University of Wisconsin System (US)
- Venue
- Genome Biology
- Published
- 2016-10-25
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 222-222
- ISSN
- 1465-6906 (ISSN-L)
- 1474-760X
- PMC
- PMC5080738
- OpenAlex
- W2950541340
- Cited by
- 273
- References
- 73
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 36 · 2021: 56 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 5
- FWCI
- 11.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Genome biology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (GM102756)
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (U54AI117924)
- National Institutes of Health (4UH3TR000506-03)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (5U01HL099773-06)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Single-cell and spatial transcriptomics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gene expression and cancer classification
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics and Phylogenetic Studies
- Keywords
- differential gene expression, single-cell RNA sequencing, gene expression distribution, cellular heterogeneity
- MeSH terms
- Algorithms, Humans, RNA, Software, Sequence Analysis, RNA, Computational Biology, Gene Expression Profiling, Single-Cell Analysis, High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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