Cited by 417Epigenetics and DNA MethylationSmoking Behavior and CessationGenetic Associations and Epidemiology

DNA methylation changes of whole blood cells in response to active smoking exposure in adults: a systematic review of DNA methylation studies

Open access
Gao, Xu, Jia, Min, Zhang, Yan, Breitling, Lutz Philipp, Brenner, Hermann·2015·Clinical Epigenetics

Abstract

Active smoking is a major preventable public health problem and an established critical factor for epigenetic modification. In this systematic review, we identified 17 studies addressing the association of active smoking exposure with methylation modifications in blood DNA, including 14 recent epigenome-wide association studies (EWASs) and 3 gene-specific methylation studies (GSMSs) on the gene regions identified by EWASs. Overall, 1460 smoking-associated CpG sites were identified in the EWASs, of which 62 sites were detected in multiple (≥3) studies. The three most frequently reported CpG sites (genes) in whole blood samples were cg05575921 (AHRR), cg03636183 (F2RL3), and cg19859270 (GPR15), followed by other loci within intergenic regions 2q37.1 and 6p21.33. These significant smoking-related genes were further assessed by specific methylation assays in three GSMSs and reflected not only current but also lifetime or long-term exposure to active smoking. In conclusion, this review summarizes the evidences for the use of blood DNA methylation patterns as biomarkers of smoking exposure for research and clinical practice. In particular, it provides a reservoir for constructing a smoking exposure index score which could be used to more precisely quantify long-term smoking exposure and evaluate the risks of smoking-induced diseases.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1186/s13148-015-0148-3

Cites

41 of 41 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 1

  1. [38]Zhang Y, Schottker B, Ordonez-Mena J, Holleczek B, Yang R, Burwinkel B et al. F2RL3 methylation, lung cancer incidence and mortality. Int J Cancer. 2015. doi:10.1002/ijc.29537. 25821117 · DOI

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Gao, X., Jia, M., Zhang, Y., Breitling, L. P., & Brenner, H.
Affiliations
German Cancer Research Center (DE)
Corresponding author
Brenner, Hermann
Venue
Clinical Epigenetics
Published
2015-10-16
Volume
7
Issue
1
Pages
113-113
ISSN
  • 1868-7075 (ISSN-L)
  • 1868-7083
OpenAlex
W1918724965
Cited by
386
References
41
Citations by year
2026: 7 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 31 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 36 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 53 · 2019: 51 · 2018: 50 · 2017: 55 · 2016: 29 · 2015: 1
FWCI
4.36
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
cc-by
Locations
  • Clinical Epigenetics (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
China Scholarship Council
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Epigenetics and DNA Methylation
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
Keywords
active smoking, DNA methylation, whole blood, epigenome-wide association study, gene-specific methylation, AHRR, F2RL3, GPR15, CpG sites

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review