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Cited by 13Treatment of Major DepressionEpigenetics and DNA MethylationGenetic Associations and Epidemiology

Epigenome-wide DNA methylation in unipolar depression: predictive biomarker of antidepressant treatment response?

Open access
Schiele, Miriam A, Crespo Salvador, Oscar, Lipovsek, Jan, Schwarte, Kathrin, Schlosser, Pascal, Zwanzger, Peter, Arolt, Volker, Baune, Bernhard T +2 more·2024·International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology
DOI 10.1093/ijnp/pyae045PMC PMC11558245
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Abstract

Background: Despite the well-documented efficacy of antidepressant agents for the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD), initial treatment nonresponse rates are high. Recent years have seen an increase in research into predictive biomarkers toward improving diagnosis and individualized treatment. Among those, epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation constitute promising candidate markers in predicting antidepressant treatment response in MDD. The present study sought to address epigenome-wide DNA methylation as a predictor of antidepressant treatment response in the largest sample to date of patients with MDD. Methods: Epigenome-wide DNA methylation was analyzed using the Infinium MethylationEPIC BeadChip in peripheral blood of n = 230 Caucasian patients with MDD receiving 6-week antidepressant treatment in a naturalistic in-patient setting as well as in a subsample of n = 107 patients primarily receiving continuous treatment with serotonin reuptake inhibitors or serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors. Treatment response was assessed by means of the Hamilton Depression Scale. Results: No genome-wide significant hits were observed. Suggestive (P < 1E-5) epigenome-wide evidence was discerned for altered DNA methylation at 6 CpG sites (LOC102724467, LOC100506023, RSPO2, SAG, IL16, PRKCI) to predict response to naturalistic antidepressant treatment. In patients treated with serotonin reuptake inhibitors or serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, differential DNA methylation at 11 CpGs, for example, mapping to the TIMP2, VDAC1, or SORL1 genes, was suggestively associated with treatment response. Conclusions: The present results provide preliminary evidence for altered DNA methylation patterns to be associated with antidepressant treatment response in MDD. Provided significant replication in independent and larger samples, the present findings might in the future aid in clinical decision-making toward more individualized and thus more efficacious treatments of MDD.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

In the largest sample to date of patients with major depressive disorder, epigenome-wide DNA methylation in peripheral blood yielded no genome-wide significant predictors of 6-week antidepressant treatment response, but suggestive associations emerged at 6 CpGs in the overall naturalistic sample (n = 230) and 11 CpGs in an SSRI/SNRI subsample (n = 107). The authors conclude these preliminary findings require replication before any clinical use.

Key findings

  • In n = 230 naturalistically treated MDD patients, no genome-wide significant hits were observed; suggestive evidence (P < 1E-5) was found for altered DNA methylation at 6 CpG sites mapping to LOC102724467, LOC100506023, RSPO2, SAG, IL16, and PRKCI.
  • In the n = 107 subsample treated primarily and continuously with SSRIs or SNRIs, differential DNA methylation at 11 CpGs was suggestively associated with treatment response, including CpGs mapping to TIMP2, VDAC1, and SORL1; the strongest listed signals were cg26967050 (MIR9-3HG; coefficient 221.84, P = 3.2E-07) and cg03308985 (DGCR6L; coefficient 569.22, P = 3.49E-07).
  • The identified hits did not overlap with CpGs associated with antidepressant treatment response in previous EWAS, nor with genes from genome-wide association meta-analyses of antidepressant response/treatment-resistant depression.
  • Genomic inflation was lambda = 1.06 for the whole sample and 0.97 for the SSRI/SNRI subsample; one suggestive CpG (cg04099436) was omitted because it was flagged for cross-reactivity.

Methods

  • Naturalistic inpatient cohort recruited at the University of Muenster, Germany (2004–2011): n = 236 MDD patients initially, with DNA methylation and complete clinical data available for n = 230 in the overall treatment-prediction analysis and n = 107 in the SSRI/SNRI subsample; inclusion required DSM-IV MDD, European ancestry, and antidepressant treatment for at least 6 consecutive weeks.
  • Epigenome-wide DNA methylation was measured in EDTA blood at admission using the Infinium MethylationEPIC BeadChip (~865,000 sites), processed with a modified CPACOR pipeline; treatment response was defined as change in HAM-D score from week 1 to week 6.
  • Linear regression used DNA methylation β-values as predictors, adjusted for the first 5 principal components of control probes, HAM-D score at admission, age, sex, and DNA methylation at cg05575921 in AHRR as a smoking proxy; significance threshold was P < 5.77E-8 (Bonferroni for 865,859 CpGs), with P < 1E-5 considered suggestive.

Limitations

  • The paper states that DNA methylation was measured in peripheral blood, precluding direct conclusions about central processes; validation is needed using postmortem brain, animal models, or in silico tools, which do not cover all EPIC CpGs or all relevant brain regions.
  • The naturalistic design used varying drug classes and dosages, allowed drug initiation/discontinuation and co-medication, and cannot exclude co-medication or drug effects as confounders; smoking information was unavailable, though AHRR cg05575921 methylation was used as a proxy.
  • The authors state the sample size is still moderate and may be underpowered for small effects, warranting replication in larger samples; evident from the text, the findings are only suggestive with no genome-wide significant hits, and the sample was restricted to European ancestry, limiting generalizability.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1093/ijnp/pyae045

Cites

69 of 69 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 42 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingown data

    In the overall sample of MDD patients, no genome-wide significant hits were observed for DNA methylation predicting antidepressant treatment response.

    “In the overall sample of MDD patients, no genome-wide significant hits were observed.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    In the subsample of MDD patients primarily and continuously treated with SSRIs or SNRIs, differential DNA methylation at 11 CpGs was suggestively associated with treatment response.

    “In patients primarily and continuously treated with SSRIs or SNRIs, differential DNA methylation at 11 CpGs was suggestively associated with treatment response”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    The 6 CpG sites suggestively predicting response to naturalistic antidepressant treatment map to the LOC102724467, LOC100506023, RSPO2, SAG, IL16, and PRKCI genes.

    “These CpGs map to genes affiliated with the long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) class (LOC102724467, LOC100506023) or coding for the R-Spondin 2 (RSPO2), S-Antigen Visual Arrestin (SAG), Interleukin 16 (IL16), and Protein Kinase C Iota (PRKCI) genes”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Suggestive (P < 1E-5) epigenome-wide evidence was discerned for altered DNA methylation at 6 CpG sites to predict response to naturalistic antidepressant treatment in the overall sample of MDD patients.

    “Suggestive (P < 1E-5) epigenome-wide evidence was discerned for altered DNA methylation at 6 CpG sites (LOC102724467, LOC100506023, RSPO2, SAG, IL16, PRKCI) to predict response to naturalistic antidepressant treatment.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    The 11 CpGs suggestively associated with treatment response in the SSRI/SNRI subsample map to genes including TIMP2, VDAC1, and SORL1.

    “mapping for instance to the Tissue Metalloproteinase 2 (TIMP2), Voltage Dependent Anion Channel 1 (VDAC1), or Sortilin Related Receptor (SORL1) genes”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 30
  • May combine two claims. 12

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    DGCR6L has been shown to interact with the gamma-aminobutyric acid GABA-B1 receptor subunit and to be related to anxiety in children with chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome as well as to schizophrenia.

    “the DiGeorge critical region 6 and its duplication (DGCR6L) have been shown to interact with the gamma-aminobutyric acid GABA-B1 receptor subunit (Zunner et al., 2010) and to be related to anxiety in children with chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (Das Chakraborty et al., 2012) as well as to schizophrenia (Liu et al., 2002).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Zunner et al., 2010 source

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    • cites Das Chakraborty et al., 2012 source

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    • cites Liu et al., 2002 source

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    None of the CpGs overlapped with single nucleotide polymorphisms (distance to SNP ≤5 base pairs and European ancestry-based minor allele frequency ≥0.01).

    “None of the CpGs overlapped with single nucleotide polymorphisms (distance to single nucleotide polymorphism ≤5 base pairs and European ancestry–based minor allele frequency ≥0.01).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    The lncRNA gene LOC102724467 has not previously been linked to mental disorder phenotypes.

    “The lncRNA gene LOC102724467 has not previously been linked to mental disorder phenotypes.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Interleukin 16 protein levels have been reported to be altered in serum samples of MDD patients and to be associated with symptom severity in schizophrenia.

    “interleukin 16 protein levels have been reported to be altered in a molecular profiling study on serum samples of MDD patients (Stelzhammer et al., 2014) and to be associated with symptom severity in schizophrenia (Schwarz et al., 2012).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Stelzhammer et al., 2014 source

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    • cites Schwarz et al., 2012 source

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The lncRNA class gene LOC100506023 originally associated by proximity with CpG cg11091478 was subsequently annotated as lnc-TNFSF4-3.

    “The lncRNA class gene LOC100506023 originally associated by proximity with CpG cg11091478 was subsequently annotated as lnc-TNFSF4-3 (Volders et al., 2019).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Volders et al., 2019 source

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The EED gene codes for a core component of the polycomb-repressive complex 2, which has been linked to neurodevelopmental abnormalities, intellectual disability, and neurodegeneration, and microglial EED has been suggested to play a pivotal role in normal synaptic and cognitive functions.

    “The embryonic ectoderm development gene (EED) codes for a core component of the polycomb-repressive complex 2, which has been linked to neurodevelopmental abnormalities, intellectual disability, and neurodegeneration, and microglial EED has been suggested to play a pivotal role in normal synaptic and cognitive functions (Wang et al., 2022).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Wang et al., 2022 source

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  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Initial treatment nonresponse rates in MDD are reported to be as high as 60%.

    “initial treatment nonresponse rates in MDD are reported to be as high as 60% (Fava, 2003).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Fava, 2003 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductcitation

    One suggestive CpG (cg04099436) was flagged for cross-reactivity and thus omitted from the results.

    “One of the suggestive CpGs (cg04099436) was flagged for cross-reactivity (cf. Lehne et al., 2015; Pidsley et al., 2016) and thus omitted from the results.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Lehne et al., 2015 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Pidsley et al., 2016 source

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    R-Spondin 2 has been implied in the development of midbrain dopaminergic neurons and has been linked to fear extinction processes in the amygdala.

    “R-Spondin 2 has been implied in the development of midbrain dopaminergic neurons (Gyllborg et al., 2018) and has been linked to fear extinction processes in the amygdala (McCullough et al., 2016).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Gyllborg et al., 2018 source

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    • cites McCullough et al., 2016 source

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The TNFSF4 gene has been observed to be downregulated in MDD patients in a genome-wide gene expression analysis.

    “This TNF Superfamily Member 4 (TNFSF4) gene has been observed to be downregulated in MDD patients in a genome-wide gene expression analysis (Woo et al., 2018).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Woo et al., 2018 source

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    PRKCI has been implied in immunosuppression, and genetic variation in the PRKCI gene has been found to be associated with bipolar disorder and autism.

    “The Protein Kinase C Iota has been implied in immunosuppression (Sarkar et al., 2017), and genetic variation in the PRKCI gene has been found to be associated with bipolar disorder (Iwamoto et al., 2011) and autism (Shen et al., 2011).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Sarkar et al., 2017 source

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    • cites Iwamoto et al., 2011 source

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    • cites Shen et al., 2011 source

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    PRDX6 has been linked to depressive and anxiety-like behavior in mice as well as to paroxetine, escitalopram, and sertraline administration in rats.

    “PRDX6 has been linked to depressive (Gu et al., 2022) and anxiety-like (Pairojana et al., 2022) behavior in mice as well as to paroxetine (McHugh et al., 2010), escitalopram, and sertraline (Bisgaard et al., 2012) administration in rats.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Gu et al., 2022

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    • cites Pairojana et al., 2022 source

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    • cites McHugh et al., 2010 source

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Interleukin 16 has been shown to reduce neuronal excitability and synaptic activity.

    “The pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin 16 has been shown to reduce neuronal excitability and synaptic activity (Hridi et al., 2019).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Hridi et al., 2019 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    The genomic inflation factor lambda was 1.06 for the whole sample and 0.97 for the SSRI/SNRI subsample.

    “Lambda was 1.06 for the whole sample and 0.97 for the SSRI/SNRI subsample.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    The threshold for statistical significance was set at P < 5.77E-8, corresponding to a Bonferroni correction for the 865,859 evaluated CpG sites.

    “The threshold for statistical significance was set at P < 5.77E-8, corresponding to a Bonferroni correction for the 865 859 evaluated CpG sites (0.05/865 859).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductcitation

    Associations at a significance level of P < 1E-5 were considered suggestive.

    “Associations at a significance level of P < 1E-5 were considered suggestive (Lander and Kruglyak, 1995).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Lander and Kruglyak, 1995

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationown data

    The presently identified hits add to the available literature on potential biomarkers of MDD and its treatment response.

    “While these presently identified hits add to the available literature on potential biomarkers of MDD and its treatment response”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Epigenetic research into treatment response is still in its infancy and not yet ready for translation into clinical practice.

    “While epigenetic research into treatment response is still in its infancy and not yet ready for translation into clinical practice”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    MAO inhibitors or valproic acid are known to affect DNA methylation.

    “both of which are known to affect DNA methylation (for review see Boks et al., 2012).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Boks et al., 2012 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Altered methylation of the ZNF69 gene has been suggested to play a role in neurogenesis and brain development in Down syndrome.

    “Altered methylation of the Zinc Finger Protein 69 (ZNF69) gene has been suggested to play a role in neurogenesis and brain development in Down syndrome (Laan et al., 2020).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Laan et al., 2020 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    The sample size is overall still moderate and may be underpowered to detect small effect sizes.

    “the sample size is overall still moderate and may be underpowered to detect small effect sizes”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    A genetic polymorphism in the TIMP2 gene was found to be associated with depression, and increased TIMP-2 mRNA levels have been observed in patients with depression.

    “A genetic polymorphism in the TIMP2 gene coding for the tissue metalloproteinase 2 modulating inflammation was found to be associated with depression (Bobińska et al., 2016b), and increased TIMP-2 mRNA levels have been observed in patients with depression (Bobińska et al., 2016a).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Bobińska et al., 2016b

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Bobińska et al., 2016a

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisereasoning

    Previous EWAS sample sizes were very small and differed in sample composition and statistical approaches, limiting comparability.

    “However, previous sample sizes were very small and differed both in sample composition (e.g., age, ethnicity) and statistical approaches, thus limiting comparability.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Takeuchi et al., 2017 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Ju et al., 2019

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    • cites Engelmann et al., 2022 source

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductreasoning

    Drug effects themselves may represent a confounding variable.

    “Along those lines, drug effects themselves may represent a confounding variable.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductnone given

    Epigenome-wide DNA methylation was determined in peripheral blood samples.

    “Epigenome-wide DNA methylation was determined in peripheral blood samples”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    VDAC1 has been shown to be downregulated in rats resilient to chronic social isolation stress.

    “The Voltage Dependent Anion Channel 1 (VDAC1) has been shown to be downregulated in rats resilient to chronic social isolation stress (Perić et al., 2021)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Perić et al., 2021 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductnone given

    Information on smoking was not available for the present sample.

    “information on smoking was not available for the present sample.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    Drug initiation or discontinuation during the observation period was allowed.

    “Additionally, drug initiation or discontinuation during the observation period was allowed”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductreasoning

    Dosages were not held constant over the course of treatment.

    “dosages were not held constant over the course of treatment”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductreasoning

    Varying drug classes of differing dosage were used in the present study.

    “given the naturalistic study design, varying drug classes of differing dosage were used”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Smoking status has been reported to affect global DNA methylation levels.

    “While smoking status has been reported to affect global DNA methylation levels (Gao et al., 2015)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Gao et al., 2015 source

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    Co-medication with other pharmacological agents was permitted, with the exception of MAO inhibitors or valproic acid.

    “co-medication with other pharmacological agents (e.g., mood stabilizers, antipsychotics) was permitted, with the exception of MAO inhibitors or valproic acid”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
32 of 32

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    MIR9-3HG, LOC341056, and B3GALNT2 have not been reported to be related to a mental disorder phenotype before.

    “The MIR9-3 Host Gene (MIR9-3HG), the lncRNA class-associated LOC341056 gene, and the Beta-1,3-N-Acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 2 (B3GALNT2) have not been reported to be related to a mental disorder phenotype before.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The present sample is the largest sample investigated for this research question.

    “While the present size constitutes the largest sample investigated in this regard”
2 of 2

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Large-scale epigenome-wide association studies have identified specific CpG loci, such as RSPO2, IL16, and PRKCI, that correlate with treatment outcomes following SSRI or SNRI therapy.

    “large-scale epigenome-wide association studies have identified specific CpG loci, such as RSPO2, IL16, and PRKCI, that correlate with treatment outcomes following SSRI or SNRI therapy”

    From Histone modifications and depression: epigenetic mechanisms, therapeutic targets, and translational outlook (2026) · cites this paper as Schiele et al., 2024

    The Results identify CpG sites mapping to RSPO2, IL16, and PRKCI as suggestively associated with response in the overall, naturalistically treated MDD sample. They report a separate SSRI/SNRI subgroup analysis with different example genes. No genome-wide significant hits were observed, so the claim overstates both the treatment specificity and the strength of the findings. (LLM, conf=0.90)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 1

  1. GBD Mental Disorders Collaborators, 2019, (, Lancet Psychiatry, 9, 137

Cited by

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Related

Authors
Schiele, M. A., Crespo Salvador, O., Lipovsek, J., Schwarte, K., Schlosser, P., Zwanzger, P., Arolt, V., Baune, B. T., Köttgen, A., & Domschke, K.
Affiliations
  • University of Freiburg (DE)
  • Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg , Freiburg ,
  • University of Münster (DE)
  • Johns Hopkins University (US)
  • Inn-Salzach-Klinikum (DE)
  • The University of Melbourne (AU)
Corresponding author
Domschke, Katharina
ORCID
Venue
International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology
Publisher
Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published
2024-10-05
Volume
27
Issue
11
ISSN
  • 1461-1457 (ISSN-L)
  • 1469-5111
DOI
10.1093/ijnp/pyae045
PMC
PMC11558245
OpenAlex
W4403154823
Cited by
13
References
69
Citations by year
2026: 8 · 2025: 5
FWCI
3.69
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • UWA Profiles and Research Repository (UWA) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • Minerva Access (University of Melbourne) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders
  • Dr. Robert Pfleger Stiftung
  • German Research Foundation (530592017, SCHL 2292/3–1)
  • Germany’s Excellence Strategy (390939984)
  • Medical Epigenetics (192904750—CRC 992)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Treatment of Major Depression
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Epigenetics and DNA Methylation
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
Keywords
DNA methylation, major depressive disorder, antidepressant response, predictive biomarkers, epigenetics, serotonin reuptake inhibitors, serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, CpG sites, personalized treatment, peripheral blood
MeSH terms
Epigenome, Adult, Antidepressive Agents, Depressive Disorder, Major, Major Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Biomarkers, Treatment Outcome, Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors, CpG Islands, DNA Methylation, Epigenesis, Genetic

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