Early externalizing behavior problems: Toddlers and preschoolers at risk for later maladjustment

CAMPBELL, SUSAN B.; SHAW, DANIEL S.; GILLIOM, MILES

doi:10.1017/s0954579400003114

Cited by 1,081Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentEarly Childhood Education and DevelopmentAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Early externalizing behavior problems: Toddlers and preschoolers at risk for later maladjustment

CAMPBELL, SUSAN B., SHAW, DANIEL S., GILLIOM, MILES·2000·Development and Psychopathology

DOI 10.1017/s0954579400003114

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Abstract

The early emergence and developmental implications of externalizing behavior problems in toddlers and preschoolers are discussed with an emphasis on which young children are truly at risk for continuing problems. The extant literature is reviewed with a focus on the stability of early externalizing behavior and the diverse pathways that young children, primarily boys, with early-emerging problems may follow. Findings from a number of studies, both epidemiological and high risk, suggest that the small subgroup of boys with multiple risk factors that include especially high levels of early hyperactivity and aggression, and high levels of negative parenting and family stress, are most likely to evidence continuing problems at school entry. Sociodemographic and neighborhood influences are also discussed, as are implications for future research and policy.

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For a small proportion of children, early behavioral difficulties persist and represent the start of a pathway to mental health challenges.
“While such difficulties usually resolve naturally across the transition into the pre-school years [86], for a small proportion of children, difficulties persist and represent the start of a pathway to mental health challenges [4, 11, 15, 16, 24, 44, 71].”
From Optimizing parenting and child outcomes following parent–child interaction therapy – toddler: a randomized controlled trial (2024) · cites this paper as [15]

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Trajectories of classroom externalizing behavior: Contributions of child characteristics, family characteristics, and the teacher–child relationship during the school transition
Silver, R. B., Measelle, J. R., Armstrong, J. M., & Essex, M. J. (2005) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2004.11.003 · Cited by 568 · see citing works
“Early child and family characteristics Given the stability of early emerging externalizing behavior (Campbell et al., 2000; Keenan et al., 1998; Moffitt, 1993), a history of such behaviors is clearly a risk factor for continued externalizing behavior during childhood.”
Background
Childhood Externalizing Behavior: Theory and Implications
Liu, J. (2004) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1744-6171.2004.tb00003.x · Cited by 542 · see citing works
“Other terms for this cluster of behavior problems include “neurotic” and “overcontrolled” (Campbell et al., 2000; Eisenberg et al., 2001; Hinshaw, 1987).”
Background
What are the Links Between Theory of Mind and Social Relations? Review, Reflections and New Directions for Studies of Typical and Atypical Development
Hughes, C. H., & Leekam, S. R. (2004) · Social Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9507.2004.00285.x · Cited by 499 · see citing works
Developmental foundations of externalizing problems in young children: The role of effortful control
Olson, S. L., Sameroff, A. J., Kerr, D., Lopez, N. L., & Wellman, H. M. (2005) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579405050029 · Cited by 492 · see citing works
Anger regulation in disadvantaged preschool boys: Strategies, antecedents, and the development of self-control.
Gilliom, M., Shaw, D. S., Beck, J. E., Schonberg, M., & Lukon, J. L. (2002) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.38.2.222 · Cited by 484 · see citing works
Self-citation
Behavioural and emotional disorders in childhood: A brief overview for paediatricians
Ogundele, M. O. (2018) · World Journal of Clinical Pediatrics · doi:10.5409/wjcp.v7.i1.9 · Cited by 472 · see citing works
Promoting self-regulation through school-based martial arts training.
Lakes, K. D., & Hoyt, W. T. (2004) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2004.04.002 · Cited by 463 · see citing works
Developmental cascades: Externalizing, internalizing, and academic competence from middle childhood to early adolescence
Moilanen, K. L., Shaw, D. S., & Maxwell, K. L. (2010) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579410000337 · Cited by 439 · see citing works
Self-citation
Relations of maternal socialization and toddlers' effortful control to children's adjustment and social competence.
Spinrad, T. L., Eisenberg, N., Gaertner, B. M., Popp, T. K., Smith, C. L., Kupfer, A. S., Greving, K., Liew, J., & Hofer, C. (2007) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.43.5.1170 · Cited by 420 · see citing works
Profiles of externalizing behavior problems for boys and girls across preschool: The roles of emotion regulation and inattention.
Hill, A. L., Degnan, K. A., Calkins, S. D., & Keane, S. P. (2006) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.42.5.913 · Cited by 378 · see citing works
“Limited economic resources increase family stress and tend to be associated with parenting difficulties (Campbell et al., 2000).”
Background
Predicting preschoolers' externalizing behaviors from toddler temperament, conflict, and maternal negativity.
Rubin, K. H., Burgess, K. B., Dwyer, K. M., & Hastings, P. D. (2002) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.39.1.164 · Cited by 377 · see citing works
The joint development of physical and indirect aggression: Predictors of continuity and change during childhood
Côté, S. M., Vaillancourt, T., Barker, E. D., Nagin, D. S., & Tremblay, R. E. (2007) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579407070034 · Cited by 369 · see citing works
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and children's emotion dysregulation: A meta-analysis.
Graziano, P. A., & Garcia, A. (2016) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2016.04.011 · Cited by 366 · see citing works
A Critical Evaluation of the Parenting Stress Index-Short Form (PSI-SF) in a Head Start Population
Reitman, D., Currier, R. O., & Stickle, T. R. (2002) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp3103_10 · Cited by 471 · see citing works
Biological, psychological and social processes in the conduct disorders.
Hill, J. (2002) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines · doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00007 · Cited by 329 · see citing works
A longitudinal study of relational and physical aggression in preschool
Crick, N. R., Ostrov, J. M., Burr, J. E., Cullerton‐Sen, C., Jansen-Yeh, E., & Ralston, P. (2006) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2006.02.006 · Cited by 321 · see citing works
“Finally, the present findings further indicate the important role that physical aggression plays in the lives of young children, particularly boys (see Campbell, Shaw, & Gilliom, 2000; NICHD ECCRN, 2004).”
Result
Coercive family process and early-onset conduct problems from age 2 to school entry
Smith, J. D., Dishion, T. J., Shaw, D. S., Wilson, M. N., Winter, C., & Patterson, G. R. (2014) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579414000169 · Cited by 323 · see citing works
Self-citation
Angry and Aggressive Behavior Across Three Generations: A Prospective, Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children
Conger, R. D., Neppl, T. K., Kim, K. J., & Scaramella, L. V. (2003) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1023/a:1022570107457 · Cited by 309 · see citing works
“Only truly disruptive noncompliance would be expected to reflect continuing and significant aggressive behaviors ( Campbell, Shaw, & Gilliom, 2000 ).”
Background
Effortful control among low-income preschoolers in three cities: Stability, change, and individual differences.
Li-Grining, C. P. (2007) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.43.1.208 · Cited by 312 · see citing works
“…may be related to preschoolers' effortful control, although the child psychopathology literature suggests that child risks and ecological risks should be considered as contributors to children's socioemotional adjustment (Campbell et al., 2000; Deater-Deckard et al., 1998; Olson et al., 2005).”
Background
Comorbidities and continuities as ontogenic processes: Toward a developmental spectrum model of externalizing psychopathology
Beauchaine, T. P., & McNulty, T. (2013) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579413000746 · Cited by 288 · see citing works
Predicting behavior problems in deaf and hearing children: the influences of language, attention, and parent - Child communication.
Barker, D. H., Quittner, A. L., Fink, N. E., Eisenberg, L. S., Tobey, E. A., Niparko, J. K., & The CDaCI Investigative Team (2009) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579409000212 · Cited by 298 · see citing works
“Both economic and cognitive factors have been related to child behavior problems of normal hearing children in previous studies (Benasich, Curtiss, & Tallal, 1993; Campbell et al., 2000) and were related to behavior problems, language, and visual attention in this study.”
Social-Emotional Screening Status in Early Childhood Predicts Elementary School Outcomes
Briggs‐Gowan, M. J., & Carter, A. S. (2008) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2007-1948 · Cited by 293 · see citing works
The transition to school: adaptation in young children with and without intellectual disability
McIntyre, L. L., Blacher, J., & Baker, B. L. (2006) · Journal of Intellectual Disability Research · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2788.2006.00783.x · Cited by 282 · see citing works
Five-Year Growth Trajectories of Kindergarten Children With Learning Difficulties in Mathematics
Morgan, P. L., Farkas, G., & Wu, Q. (2009) · Journal of Learning Disabilities · doi:10.1177/0022219408331037 · Cited by 277 · see citing works
“, those repeatedly displaying MD in kindergarten) may be identified as in need of early intervention (Bennett et al., 1998; Campbell et al., 2000).”
Background
Early Developmental Processes and the Continuity of Risk for Underage Drinking and Problem Drinking
Zucker, R. A., Donovan, J. E., Masten, A. S., Mattson, M. E., & Moss, H. B. (2008) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2007-2243b · Cited by 276 · see citing works
Early risk factors for hyperactivity-impulsivity and inattention trajectories from age 17 months to 8 years.
Galéra, C., Côté, S., Bouvard, M., Pingault, J.-B., Melchior, M., Michel, G., Boivin, M., & Tremblay, R. (2011) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.138 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
Early Preschool Predictors of Preadolescent Internalizing and Externalizing DSM-IV Diagnoses
MESMAN, J., & KOOT, H. M. (2001) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-200109000-00011 · Cited by 265 · see citing works
“, 2000) and externalizing problems (Campbell et al., 2000).”
Combining Parent and Child Training for Young Children with ADHD
Webster-Stratton, C. H., Reid, M. J., & Beauchaine, T. (2011) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2011.546044 · Cited by 265 · see citing works
“Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in young children mark significant risk for later oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), which in turn confers risk for early-onset conduct disorder (CD; see Beauchaine, Hinshaw, & Pang, in press; Campbell, Shaw, & Gilliom, 2000 ).”
Background
Child Temperament Moderates Effects of Parent–Child Mutuality on Self-Regulation: A Relationship-Based Path for Emotionally Negative Infants
Kim, S., & Kochanska, G. (2012) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2012.01778.x · Cited by 267 · see citing works
The Intergenerational Transfer of Psychosocial Risk: Mediators of Vulnerability and Resilience
Serbin, L. A., & Karp, J. (2004) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.54.101601.145228 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
“Tuning into Kids”: Reducing Young Children’s Behavior Problems Using an Emotion Coaching Parenting Program
Havighurst, S. S., Wilson, K. R., Harley, A. E., Kehoe, C. E., Efron, D., & Prior, M. R. (2012) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-012-0322-1 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
“Behavior problems in young children are associated longitudinally with an increased risk for a range of problems in adolescence and adult life, including substance abuse, poor peer relations, delinquency and violence [1–5].”
Background
Developmental trajectories of conduct problems and hyperactivity from ages 2 to 10
Shaw, D. S., Lacourse, É., & Nagin, D. S. (2005) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00390.x · Cited by 244 · see citing works
“Based on prior research (Aguilar, Sroufe, Egeland, & Carlson, 2000; Campbell et al., 2000; Greenberg et al., 1999), it was hypothesized that persistent trajectories of CP and persistent trajectories of HAP would both be characterized by a greater number of child and socioeconomic risk factors than…”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citation
A Truly Early Starter Model of Antisocial Behavior Revisited
Shaw, D. S., Bell, R. Q., & Gilliom, M. (2000) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1023/a:1009599208790 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Self-citation
Emotional self-regulation, peer rejection, and antisocial behavior: Developmental associations from early childhood to early adolescence
Trentacosta, C. J., & Shaw, D. S. (2009) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2008.12.016 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
“Perspectives on earlystarting conduct problems have emphasized the interplay of child temperamental factors and context in the emergence and maintenance of these problems across childhood ( Campbell, Shaw, & Gilliom, 2000; Shaw, Bell, & Gilliom, 2000).”
Self-citation
Maternal postnatal depression and children's growth and behaviour during the early years of life: exploring the interaction between physical and mental health
Avan, B., Richter, L. M., Ramchandani, P. G., Norris, S. A., & Stein, A. (2010) · Archives of Disease in Childhood · doi:10.1136/adc.2009.164848 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
Internalizing Disorders in Early Childhood: A Review of Depressive and Anxiety Disorders
Tandon, M., Cardeli, E., & Luby, J. L. (2009) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.chc.2009.03.004 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
“because difficulties exhibited during the preschool period are commonly regarded as transient despite growing evidence to the contrary.(83,84) New findings demonstrating the 2-year stability and homotypic continuity of preschool-onset depression”
Background
Preschoolers at Risk for Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Oppositional Defiant Disorder: Family, Parenting, and Behavioral Correlates
Cunningham, C. E., & Boyle, M. H. (2002) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1023/a:1020855429085 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Autonomic correlates of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and oppositional defiant disorder in preschool children
Crowell, S. E., Beauchaine, T. P., Gatzke-Kopp, L., Sylvers, P., Mead, H., & Chipman-Chacon, J. (2006) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.115.1.174 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
“Preschool symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) mark significant risk for more serious externalizing behaviors in middle childhood, including early onset conduct disorder (CD), delinquency, and aggression ( Campbell, Shaw, & Gilliom, 2000 ).”
Background
Violence and Externalizing Behavior Among Youth in the United States
Vaughn, M. G., Salas‐Wright, C. P., DeLisi, M., & Maynard, B. R. (2013) · Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice · doi:10.1177/1541204013478973 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Ten good reasons to consider biological processes in prevention and intervention research
Beauchaine, T. P., Neuhaus, E., Brenner, S. L., & Gatzke-Kopp, L. (2008) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579408000369 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Research Review: ‘Ain’t misbehavin’: Towards a developmentally‐specified nosology for preschool disruptive behavior
Wakschlag, L. S., Tolan, P. H., & LEVENTHAL, B. L. (2009) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2009.02184.x · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Challenging behaviours in adults with an intellectual disability: A total population study and exploration of risk indices
Bowring, D. L., Totsika, V., Hastings, R. P., Toogood, S., & Griffith, G. M. (2016) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjc.12118 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Assessment of child problem behaviors by multiple informants: a longitudinal study from preschool to school entry
Kerr, D., Lunkenheimer, E. S., & Olson, S. L. (2007) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01776.x · Cited by 206 · see citing works
“Conceptually, derivation of a multiinformant problem estimate is valuable for understanding problem antecedents and sequelae, since children who show disruptive behavior problems in multiple contexts are more likely to have serious and stable problems (Campbell et al., 2000).”
Background
The application of latent class analysis for investigating population child mental health: a systematic review
Petersen, K. J., Qualter, P., & Humphrey, N. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01214 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
“, hitting out or tantrums) are symptoms of externalizing problems in older children (Campbell et al., 2000; Carter et al., 2004; Fanti and Henrich, 2010).”
Background
Differentiating Early-Onset Persistent Versus Childhood-Limited Conduct Problem Youth
Barker, E. D., & Maughan, B. (2009) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.08121770 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Predicting Kindergarten Peer Social Status from Toddler and Preschool Problem Behavior
Keane, S. P., & Calkins, S. D. (2004) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1023/b:jacp.0000030294.11443.41 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
“Given the different ages of assessments, the different reporters, and the varying procedures for data collection, P1: KEG Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology pp1226-jacp-487997 May 27, 2004 4:49 Style file version May 30th, 2002”
Method
Effects of early maternal distress and parenting on the development of children's self-regulation and externalizing behavior
Choe, D. E., Olson, S. L., & Sameroff, A. J. (2013) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579412001162 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
“Prevention of early externalizing problems is imperative, given that they increase risk for school-age behavior problems and future psychopathology, particularly when occurring with family adversity (Campbell et al., 2000).”
Background
Parenting and child externalizing behaviors: Are the associations specific or diffuse?
McKee, L. G., Colletti, C. J. M., Rakow, A., Jones, D. J., & Forehand, R. (2008) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2008.03.005 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Risk Factors for Learning-Related Behavior Problems at 24 Months of Age: Population-Based Estimates
Morgan, P. L., Farkas, G., Hillemeier, M. M., & Maczuga, S. (2008) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-008-9279-8 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
“Empirical studies repeatedly find a link between early delays in self-regulation and the later occurrence of psychopathology (e.g., Campbell et al. 2000; Essex et al. 2006; Hill et al.; Lengua 2006).”
Background
Protective Factors and the Development of Resilience in the Context of Neighborhood Disadvantage
Vanderbilt‐Adriance, E., & Shaw, D. S. (2008) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-008-9220-1 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
“Conversely, living in a poor, dangerous neighborhood virtually guarantees exposure to risk factors outside the home that affect child development (Campbell et al. 2000).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Parental Discipline and Externalizing Behavior Problems in Early Childhood: The Roles of Moral Regulation and Child Gender
Kerr, D., Lopez, N. L., Olson, S. L., & Sameroff, A. J. (2004) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1023/b:jacp.0000030291.72775.96 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Reciprocal Associations between Boys’ Externalizing Problems and Mothers’ Depressive Symptoms
Gross, H. E., Shaw, D. S., & Moilanen, K. L. (2008) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-008-9224-x · Cited by 186 · see citing works
“These types of coercive parenting practices have been linked back to long-term difficulties for children, particularly in rates of externalizing behaviors (Campbell et al. 2000; Dishion and Patterson 1997; Keenan and Shaw 1995).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Trajectories of Physical Aggression from Toddlerhood to Middle Childhood: Predictors, Correlates, and Outcomes
Arsenio, W. F. (2004) · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Predicting Stability and Change in Toddler Behavior Problems: Contributions of Maternal Behavior and Child Gender.
Smith, C. L., Calkins, S. D., Keane, S. P., Anastopoulos, A. D., & Shelton, T. L. (2003) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.40.1.29 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
“Important questions not yet addressed are whether the toddler’s early problem behavior has effects on subsequent parenting behavior that would serve to further undermine the processes of developing autonomous and self-regulated behavior (Campbell et al., 2000) and whether these effects vary by the gender of the child.”
BackgroundInfluential
Observational Assessment of Preschool Disruptive Behavior, Part II: Validity of the Disruptive Behavior Diagnostic Observation Schedule (DB-DOS)
Wakschlag, L. S., Briggs‐Gowan, M. J., Hill, C., Danis, B., LEVENTHAL, B. L., Keenan, K. E., EGGER, H. L., Cicchetti, D. V., Burns, J. L., & Carter, A. S. (2008) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e31816c5c10 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Developmental origins of early antisocial behavior
Calkins, S. D., & Keane, S. P. (2009) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s095457940999006x · Cited by 176 · see citing works
“…research has also demonstrated that early aggressive and oppositional behaviors are risk factors for the development of later, more serious problems such as conduct disorder, attentiondeficit/hyperactivity disorder, and juvenile delinquency (for reviews, see Campbell, 2002; Campbell et al., 2000).”
Background
Commentary on the review of measures of early childhood social and emotional development: Conceptualization, critique, and recommendations
Campbell, S. B. G., Denham, S. A., Howarth, G. Z., Jones, S. M., Whittaker, J. V., Williford, A. P., Willoughby, M. T., Yudron, M., & Darling, K. E. (2016) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2016.01.008 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Self-citation
The Stability of Problem Behavior Across the Preschool Years: An Empirical Approach in the General Population
Basten, M., Tiemeier, H. W., Althoff, R. R., van de Schoot, R., Jaddoe, V. W. V., Albert Hofman, D., Hudziak, J. J., Verhulst, F. C., & van der Ende, J. (2015) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-015-9993-y · Cited by 179 · see citing works
“Several biological and environmental factors have been found to predict stability of problems over time, such as poor family functioning, stressful life events and physical health problems (Briggs-Gowan et al. 2006; Campbell et al. 2000; Mesman and Koot 2001).”
Background
Understanding and Improving Classroom Emotional Climate and Behavior Management in the “Real World”: The Role of Head Start Teachers' Psychosocial Stressors
Li-Grining, C. P., Raver, C. C., Champion, K. M., Sardin, L., Metzger, M. W., & Jones, S. M. (2010) · Early Education and Development · doi:10.1080/10409280902783509 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
“The literature on low-income families has long considered single parenthood and large family size as risk factors ( Ackerman, Schoff, Levinson, Youngstrom, & Izard, 1999 ; Campbell, Shaw, & Gilliom, 2000 ).”
Background
Parenting Self-Efficacy and Problem Behavior in Children at High Risk for Early Conduct Problems: The Mediating Role of Maternal Depression
Weaver, C. M., Shaw, D., Dishion, T., & Wilson, M. N. (2008) · Infant Behavior and Development · doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2008.07.006 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
“Research on parenting in early childhood confirms that parents play a more prominent role in children’s socialization process relative to older ages ( Campbell, Shaw, & Gilliom, 2000; Deater-Deckard, 2000; Fagot, 1997; Gardner, 1987; Pettit & Bates, 1990; Shaw & Bell, 1993).”
Self-citation
Individual differences in the development of early peer aggression: Integrating contributions of self-regulation, theory of mind, and parenting
Olson, S. L., Lopez‐Duran, N. L., Lunkenheimer, E. S., Chang, H., & Sameroff, A. J. (2011) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579410000775 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Competence and psychopathology: Cascade effects in the NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development
Burt, K. B., & Roisman, G. I. (2010) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579410000271 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
“The present study also extends backward effects observed in prior research with the Project Competence data set, consistent with theoretical and empirical work on early disruptive behavior (Campbell et al., 2000), demonstrating that problems with aggressive and disruptive behavior before the start of formal schooling…”
Result
Vagal tone and temperament as predictors of emotion regulation strategies in young children
Santucci, A. K., Silk, J. S., Shaw, D. S., Gentzler, A. L., Fox, N. A., & Kovács, M. (2008) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.20283 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Self-citation
Emotional and behavioural difficulties in young children with and without developmental delay: a bi‐national perspective
Emerson, E., & Einfeld, S. (2009) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2009.02179.x · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Resilient Adolescent Adjustment Among Girls: Buffers of Childhood Peer Rejection and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Mikami, A. Y., & Hinshaw, S. P. (2006) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-006-9062-7 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Interactions Between Maternal Parenting and Children’s Early Disruptive Behavior: Bidirectional Associations across the Transition from Preschool to School Entry
Combs-Ronto, L. A., Olson, S. L., Lunkenheimer, E. S., & Sameroff, A. J. (2009) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-009-9332-2 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
“For example, Campbell et al. (2000) found that approximately half of preschool children with significant externalizing symptoms no longer manifested these problems at school entry.”
Effects of Adverse Early‐Life Events on Aggression and Anti‐Social Behaviours in Animals and Humans
Haller, J., Harold, G. T., Sandi, C., & Neumann, I. D. (2014) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1111/jne.12182 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
A developmental framework for distinguishing disruptive behavior from normative misbehavior in preschool children
Wakschlag, L. S., Briggs‐Gowan, M. J., Carter, A. S., Hill, C., Danis, B., Keenan, K. E., McCarthy, K. J., & LEVENTHAL, B. L. (2007) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01786.x · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Interdependence of parenting of mothers and fathers of infants.
Barnett, M. A., Deng, M., Mills-Koonce, R., Willoughby, M. T., & Cox, M. J. (2008) · Journal of Family Psychology · doi:10.1037/0893-3200.22.3.561 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
“In addition, the long-term stability of child behavior problems (Campbell et al., 2000; NICHD ECCRN, 2004; Shaw et al., 1994, 2003) may in part be accounted for by exposure to negative parenting by both parents.”
Background
The relation between behavioral problems and social competence: A correlational Meta-analysis
Hukkelberg, S. S., Keleş, S., Ogden, T., & Hammerstrøm, K. T. (2019) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-019-2343-9 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
“, negative behaviors that are directed toward the external environment [12];) and antisocial problems are often used synonymously, yet the externalizing behaviors is often used to describe less severe disruptive and destructive child behavior [26, 68].”
Background
Role of Parenting Style in Children’s Behavioral Problems through the Transition from Preschool to Elementary School According to Gender in Japan
Hosokawa, R., & Katsura, T. (2018) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16010021 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Long‐Term Outcomes of Incredible Years Parenting Program: Predictors of Adolescent Adjustment*
Webster-Stratton, C. H., Rinaldi, J., & Reid, J. (2010) · Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.1111/j.1475-3588.2010.00576.x · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Randomized prevention trial for early conduct problems: Effects on proactive parenting and links to toddler disruptive behavior.
Gardner, F. E. M., Shaw, D. S., Dishion, T. J., Burton, J., & Supplee, L. H. (2007) · Journal of Family Psychology · doi:10.1037/0893-3200.21.3.398 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Self-citation
A Developmental Psychopathology Perspective on ADHD and Comorbid Conditions: The Role of Emotion Regulation
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InfluentialSelf-citation
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“Developmental challenges of the preschool period, including the transition to formal schooling, can be especially difficult for children with individual risk factors such as overactivity, impulsivity, social skills deficits, and delayed cognitive development ( Campbell, Shaw, & Gilliom, 2000 ), as well as for children…”
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Self-citation

Authors: CAMPBELL, S. B., SHAW, D. S., & GILLIOM, M.
Affiliations: University of Pittsburgh (US)
ORCID: SHAW, DANIEL S.
Venue: Development and Psychopathology
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Published: 2000-09
Volume: 12
Issue: 3
Pages: 467-488
ISSN: 0954-5794 (ISSN-L)
1469-2198
DOI: 10.1017/s0954579400003114
OpenAlex: W2149804058
Cited by: 1,081
References: 92
Citations by year: 2026: 27 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 39 · 2023: 35 · 2022: 40 · 2021: 40 · 2020: 64 · 2019: 51 · 2018: 63 · 2017: 69 · 2016: 79 · 2015: 63 · 2014: 64 · 2013: 63 · 2012: 62
FWCI: 13.39
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.cambridge.org/core/terms (unspecified)
Locations: Development and Psychopathology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: U.S. Public Health Service (32735, 50907)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Social Sciences › Education › Early Childhood Education and Development
Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Keywords: externalizing problems, toddlers, preschool children, aggression, negative parenting, family stress, developmental pathways, boys, school entry, sociodemographic risk factors, neighborhood effects
MeSH terms: Adjustment Disorders, Age Factors, Child, Child Behavior Disorders, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Male, Risk Factors, Time Factors

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Early externalizing behavior problems: Toddlers and preschoolers at risk for later maladjustment

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