The phenotype of murine wound macrophages
Open accessAbstract
Wound macrophages exhibit a complex phenotype, which changes as the wound matures and develops independently of IL-4 or IL-13. The phenotype of wound macrophages has not been studied by direct examination of these cells, yet macrophages recruited to sites of injury are described as alternatively activated macrophages, requiring IL-4 or IL-13 for phenotypic expression. This study characterized wound macrophage phenotype in the PVA sponge wound model in mice. Eighty-five percent of wound macrophages isolated 1 day after injury expressed Gr-1, but only 20% of those isolated at 7 days expressed this antigen. Macrophages from 1-, 3-, and 7-day wounds expressed markers of alternative activation, including mannose receptor, dectin-1, arginase 1, and Ym1, but did not contain iNOS. Day 1 wound macrophages produced more TNF-α, more IL-6, and less TGF-β than Day 7 wound macrophages. Wound macrophages did not produce IL-10. The cytokines considered necessary for alternative activation of macrophages, IL-4 and IL-13, were not detected in the wound environment and were not produced by wound cells. Wound macrophages did not contain PStat6. Wound fluids inhibited IL-13-dependent phosphorylation of Stat6 and contained IL-13Rα2, a soluble decoy receptor for IL-13. The phenotype of wound macrophages was not altered in mice lacking IL-4Rα, which is required for Stat6-dependent signaling of IL-4 and IL-13. Wound macrophages exhibit a complex phenotype, which includes traits associated with alternative and classical activation and changes as the wound matures. The wound macrophage phenotype does not require IL-4 or IL-13.
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IL-4 and IL-13 are not necessary for modulating macrophage phenotypes in wounds in vivo.
“As mentioned above, IL-4 and IL-13 are the canonical factors inducing the M2 phenotype, however, recent studies show that they are not necessary for modulating macrophage phenotypes in wounds in vivo [61, 62].”
From Transition from inflammation to proliferation: a critical step during wound healing (2016) · cites this paper as [61]
Previous in vivo studies demonstrated concurrent expression of M1 and M2 markers, and enhanced expression of M2 markers has been associated with improved outcomes for implanted biologic scaffolds.
“Previous in vivo studies demonstrated concurrent expression of M1 and M2 markers (37), and enhanced expression of M2 markers has been associated with improved outcomes for implanted biologic scaffolds (34).”
From Proangiogenic scaffolds as functional templates for cardiac tissue engineering (2010) · cites this paper as [37]
In a mouse wound-healing model, Mp expression of the M2a marker CD206 does not require IL-4 or IL-13 and does not correlate with TNF-α production.
“For instance, in a mouse wound-healing model, Mp expression of the M2a marker CD206 does not require IL-4 or IL-13 and does not correlate, negatively or otherwise, with TNF-␣ production [33].”
From Macrophage phenotypes during tissue repair (2013) · cites this paper as [33]
The M1-associated cytokines IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-12 are expressed by Mp during the first few hours to days after acute injury in numerous tissues, including skin, liver, kidney, and skeletal muscle.
“The M1-associated cytokines IL-1, TNF-␣, IL-6, and IL-12 are expressed by Mp during the first few hours to days after acute injury in numerous tissues, including skin [33,60,61], liver [62], kidney [63], and skeletal muscle [57,64].”
From Macrophage phenotypes during tissue repair (2013) · cites this paper as [33]
Although CD206, Ym1, and dectin-1 are expressed by murine subcutaneous wound Mp at 1, 3, and 7 days postinjury, these three M2a-associated proteins exhibit entirely different temporal patterns: CD206 increases somewhat with time, whereas Ym1 is expressed most highly at 1-day postinjury and then decreases, and dectin-1 expression remains constant.
“However, although CD206, Ym1, and dectin-1 are expressed by murine subcutaneous wound Mp at 1, 3, and 7 days postinjury [33], these three M2a-associated proteins exhibit entirely different temporal patterns: CD206 increases somewhat with time, whereas Ym1 is expressed most highly at 1-day postinjury and then decreases, and dectin-1 expression remains constant [33].”
From Macrophage phenotypes during tissue repair (2013) · cites this paper as [33]
As IL-4/-13 activation is not always required for up-regulation of IL-10 and TGF-β, the presence of other aspects of the M2a phenotype should not be inferred from cytokine expression alone.
“Additionally, as IL-4/-13 activation is not always required for up-regulation of IL-10 and TGF- [33], the presence of other aspects of the M2a phenotype should not be inferred from cytokine expression alone.”
From Macrophage phenotypes during tissue repair (2013) · cites this paper as [33]
During mouse skin wound healing, Mp expression of TGF-β mRNA and protein increases over the first 7-10 days postinjury, whereas proinflammatory cytokine production decreases.
“Indeed, during mouse skin wound healing, Mp expression of TGF- mRNA and protein increases over the first 7-10 days postinjury, whereas proinflammatory cytokine production decreases [33,60], consistent with the expression of an M2a-like phenotype during the later stages of repair.”
From Macrophage phenotypes during tissue repair (2013) · cites this paper as [33]
Mp expression of mRNA and protein for these cytokines exhibits an early peak and subsequent decline after skin wounding or toxin-induced muscle injury in mice.
“Mp expression of mRNA and protein for these cytokines exhibits an early peak and subsequent decline after skin wounding [33,60] or toxin-induced muscle injury in mice [65], consistent with an early M1-like phenotype.”
From Macrophage phenotypes during tissue repair (2013) · cites this paper as [33]
In mouse and human skin wounds and in injured mouse kidney, Mp expression of CD206 increases during the later stages of repair.
“Indeed, in mouse and human skin wounds and in injured mouse kidney, Mp expression of CD206 increases during the later stages of repair [33,60,61,63].”
From Macrophage phenotypes during tissue repair (2013) · cites this paper as [33]
In a mouse sponge-implantation model of skin wounding, deletion of IL-4Rα has no effect on Mp phenotype, and IL-4 and IL-13 are not detected in wound cells or fluids at any time.
“In contrast, in a mouse sponge-implantation model of skin wounding, deletion of IL-4R␣ has no effect on Mp phenotype, and IL-4 and IL-13 are not detected in wound cells or fluids at any time, indicating that despite their predominantly anti-inflammatory cytokine profile, these cells are not bona fide M2a Mp [33].”
From Macrophage phenotypes during tissue repair (2013) · cites this paper as [33]
Mp during skin wound healing exhibit a heterogeneous and temporally regulated phenotype that does not conform strictly to M1/M2 categorization.
“Thus, Mp during skin wound healing exhibit a heterogeneous and temporally regulated phenotype that does not conform strictly to M1/M2 categorization [33].”
From Macrophage phenotypes during tissue repair (2013) · cites this paper as [33]
CD206 expression is similar among TNF-α-high, -low, or -negative Mp.
“Additionally, CD206 expression is similar among TNF-␣-high, -low, or -negative Mp [33], which would not be expected if distinct M1 and M2a populations were present.”
From Macrophage phenotypes during tissue repair (2013) · cites this paper as [33]
Mp in incisional mouse skin wounds appear to express iNOS only in response to invading pathogens and not as an inherent feature of the tissue-repair response.
“However, Mp in incisional mouse skin wounds appear to express iNOS only in response to invading pathogens and not as an inherent feature of the tissue-repair response [33,67].”
From Macrophage phenotypes during tissue repair (2013) · cites this paper as [33]
A comprehensive in vivo macrophage phenotype cannot be deduced solely from a limited set of phenotypic markers.
“Additionally, a comprehensive in vivo Mp phenotype cannot be deduced solely from a limited set of phenotypic markers, as different M2a-associated genes or proteins can exhibit entirely different temporal regulation and can be coexpressed with M1-associated markers [19,25,33,60,78].”
From Macrophage phenotypes during tissue repair (2013) · cites this paper as [33]
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- Authors
- Daley, J. M., Brancato, S. K., Thomay, A. A., Reichner, J. S., & Albina, J. E.
- Affiliations
- Brown University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Daley, Jean M
- Venue
- Journal of Leukocyte Biology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2009-10-22
- Volume
- 87
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 59-67
- ISSN
- 0741-5400 (ISSN-L)
- 1938-3673
- PMC
- PMC2801619
- OpenAlex
- W2137178267
- Cited by
- 452
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 37 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 32 · 2018: 32 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 32 · 2015: 36 · 2014: 32 · 2013: 39 · 2012: 27
- FWCI
- 21.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Leukocyte Biology (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (GM-79227, GM-66194, GM-42859, T32GM-65085)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Wound Healing and Treatments
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune cells in cancer
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor
- Keywords
- macrophage phenotype, alternative activation, classical activation, IL-4, IL-13, STAT6 signaling, Gr-1, CD206, Dectin-1, arginase-1, Ym1, cytokine production, wound healing, IL-4 receptor alpha
- MeSH terms
- Mannose Receptor, Dectin-1, Animals, Exudates and Transudates, Foreign Bodies, Gelatin Sponge, Absorbable, Macrophage Activation, Macrophages, Male, Membrane Proteins, Nerve Tissue Proteins, Phenotype, Phosphorylation, Protein Processing, Post-Translational, Receptors, Cell Surface, Skin, Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms, Wound Healing, Biomarkers, Interleukin-4, Cytokines, Mice, Knockout, Interleukin-13, Receptors, Chemokine, Lectins, C-Type, Mannose-Binding Lectins, STAT6 Transcription Factor, Mice, Interleukin-4 Receptor alpha Subunit
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