Psychiatry beyond the current paradigm
Open accessAbstract
Summary: A series of editorials in this Journal have argued that psychiatry is in the midst of a crisis. The various solutions proposed would all involve a strengthening of psychiatry's identity as essentially ‘applied neuroscience’. Although not discounting the importance of the brain sciences and psychopharmacology, we argue that psychiatry needs to move beyond the dominance of the current, technological paradigm. This would be more in keeping with the evidence about how positive outcomes are achieved and could also serve to foster more meaningful collaboration with the growing service user movement.
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In reality, global mental health practice tends to be rooted in biomedical psychiatric frameworks and psychopathological models that construct mental distress as an illness like any other for which a technical solution is best suited.
“In reality, however, global mental health practice tends to be rooted in biomedical psychiatric frameworks and in psychopathological models, which construct mental distress as 'an illness like any other' for which a 'technical' solution is best suited (Bracken et al. 2012).”
From Throwing therapy at the problem mental health and humanitarian intervention in Palabek refugee settlement, northern Uganda (2023) · cites this paper as Bracken et al. 2012
The 'Technological paradigm' section describes psychiatry as guided by biomedical and technical models that treat mental health problems like other medical conditions and favor discrete interventions. The paper does not establish that global mental health practice specifically tends to follow those models, so the claim extends its account of psychiatry to a setting it does not assess. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe last decades have seen increasing pushback against the use and prescription of psychiatric treatment in the Global North.
“the last decades have seen increasing pushback against the use and prescription of psychiatric treatment in the Global North (Bracken et al. 2012).”
From Throwing therapy at the problem mental health and humanitarian intervention in Palabek refugee settlement, northern Uganda (2023) · cites this paper as Bracken et al. 2012
The technological-paradigm section reports widespread criticism of medicalisation and expanding markets for psychotropic drugs. The recovery section describes a rapidly growing service-user movement, including groups in the UK, Europe and America that challenge biomedical approaches. These passages support increasing pushback, but not the broader claim that it is directed against the use and prescription of psychiatric treatment generally. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredPharmaceutical companies played a role in furthering the increase in psychopharmaceutical use.
“The role of pharmaceutical companies in furthering this increase cannot be underestimated (Horwitz and Wakefield 2007;Bracken et al. 2012).”
From Throwing therapy at the problem mental health and humanitarian intervention in Palabek refugee settlement, northern Uganda (2023) · cites this paper as Bracken et al. 2012
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Bracken, P., Giller, J., & Summerfield, D. (2016) · Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences · doi:10.1017/s2045796016000494 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“The dominant paradigm in psychiatry, and that upon which the MGMH is predicated, is technological (Bracken et al. 2012).”
BackgroundSelf-citationBacha, K., Hanley, T., & Winter, L. A. (2019) · Psychology and Psychotherapy Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1111/papt.12218 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“The persistence of this viewpoint in the history of mental health services proves concerning (e.g., Bracken et al., 2012) and highlights the need for organizations to scrutinize their ways of working with these viewpoints in mind.”
BackgroundPsychiatrised Children and their Rights: Starting the Conversation
LeFrançois, B. A., & Coppock, V. (2014) · Children & Society · doi:10.1111/chso.12082 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Farrelly, S. E., & Lester, H. E. (2014) · Health & Social Care in the Community · doi:10.1111/hsc.12090 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Contributory injustice in psychiatry
Tate, A. J. M. (2018) · Journal of Medical Ethics · doi:10.1136/medethics-2018-104761 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Challenges for trainees in psychiatry and early career psychiatrists
Fiorillo, A., Malik, A., Luciano, M., Vecchio, V. D., Sampogna, G., Gaudio, L. D., Kuzman, M. R., Jovanović, N., Nawka, A., & Volpe, U. (2013) · International Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/09540261.2013.812960 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Recovery-as-Policy as a Form of Neoliberal State Making
McWade, B. (2015) · Intersectionalities: A Global Journal of Social Work Analysis, Research, Polity, and Practice · doi:10.48336/ijxsrn4104 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Gambrill, E. D. (2013) · Research on Social Work Practice · doi:10.1177/1049731513499411 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“Critical psychiatrists such as Timini (2012) argue that a technological paradigm in which classification systems are forwarded and specific interventions designed—this ‘‘medicine of the mind’’ (Bracken et al., 2012)—ignores vital relationships, meanings, values, beliefs, and practices.”
BackgroundCox, N., & Webb, L. (2015) · Sociology of Health & Illness · doi:10.1111/1467-9566.12230 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Kirmayer, L. J. (2015) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139424745.027 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
(2013) · DECP Debate · doi:10.53841/bpsdeb.2013.1.149.8 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“This has been a matter of cross-professional concern for many years (e.g. Barker, 2011; Bentall, 2004; Berger, 2013; Boyle, 2002; Bracken et al., 2012; BPS, 2000, 2011; Coppock & Hopton, 2000; Johnstone, 2008; Moncrieff, 2010).”
BackgroundPinzón, J. B., Serrano, N. C., Díaz‐Martínez, L. A., Mantilla, G., Velasco, H. M., Martínez, L. X., Millán, P. A., Acevedo, S. M., & Moreno‐De‐Luca, D. (2007) · Biomédica · doi:10.7705/biomedica.v27i2.213 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Improving Therapeutic Relationships
Farrelly, S. E., Lester, H. E., Rose, D. S., Birchwood, M. J., Marshall, M., Waheed, W., Henderson, R. C., SZMUKLER, G. I., & Thornicroft, G. (2015) · Qualitative Health Research · doi:10.1177/1049732314566320 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“The current paradigm in mental health treatment is avowedly neurobiological; however, in a recent series of editorials (Bracken et al., 2012; Kleinman, 2012; Priebe, Burns, & Craig, 2013), several prominent psychiatrists have suggested that a focus on the social factors associated with the…”
BackgroundCreative arts in psychotherapy for traumatized children in South Africa: An evaluation study
van Westrhenen, N., Fritz, E., Vermeer, A., Boelen, P. A., & Kleber, R. J. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0210857 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Psy-expertise, therapeutic culture and the politics of the personal in development
Klein, E., & Mills, C. (2017) · Third World Quarterly · doi:10.1080/01436597.2017.1319277 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
McCann, E., & Sharek, D. (2014) · International Journal of Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/inm.12081 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“However, many of the directives and recommendations contained in these documents have yet to be realized in terms of mental health service provision (Bracken et al. 2012).”
BackgroundWhite, J. H., & Morris, J. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16183236 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“Meanwhile, much of the mainstream suicidology research seems to be about taming suicide through a push for unification and standardization [29].”
BackgroundPsychotropic Childhoods: Global Mental Health and Pharmaceutical Children
Mills, C. (2013) · Children & Society · doi:10.1111/chso.12062 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
McCormack, L., & Adams, E. L. (2015) · Traumatology An International Journal · doi:10.1037/trm0000024 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Can the therapeutic relationship predict 18 month outcomes for individuals with psychosis?
Farrelly, S. E., Brown, G., SZMUKLER, G. I., Rose, D. S., Birchwood, M. J., Marshall, M., Waheed, W., & Thornicroft, G. (2014) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2014.07.032 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“Despite advances in our understanding of the aetiology of schizophrenia and related disorders, overall outcomes for this patient group remain poor (Andrew et al., 2012; Bracken et al., 2012; The Schizophrenia Commission, 2012).”
BackgroundCan neuroimaging be used to predict the onset of psychosis?
McGuire, P. K., Sato, J. R., Mechelli, A., Jackowski, A. P., Bressan, R. A., & Zugman, A. (2015) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(15)00308-9 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Stockmann, T., Wood, L., Enache, G., Withers, F., Gavaghan, L., & Razzaque, R. (2017) · Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.1080/09638237.2017.1340609 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“A widely-expressed view was that POD allows for a more intuitive, humanistic practice than currently, comparable to ‘‘post-technological psychiatry’’ outlined by Bracken et al. (2012), with increased emphasis on meanings, values and relationships.”
Backgroundvan Os, J., Scheepers, F. E., Milo, M., Ockeloen, G., Gülöksüz, S., & Delespaul, P. (2023) · Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health · doi:10.2174/0117450179271206231114064736 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Non-diagnostic based approaches to helping children who could be labelled ADHD and their families
Timimi, S. B. (2017) · International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-Being · doi:10.1080/17482631.2017.1298270 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“contextual aspects of care are crucial (Bracken et al., 2012; Dunacn et al., 2010).”
BackgroundSelf-citationMusolino, C., Warin, M., Wade, T., & Gilchrist, P. (2016) · Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1186/s40337-016-0114-2 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“Other studies have found that it is common for presentation for treatment to occur many years after onset of an eating disorder, and into late middle-age [5, 8, 9], highlighting that a large population of people with eating disorders are not engaged with treatment.”
BackgroundEngaging culture and context in mhGAP implementation: fostering reflexive deliberation in practice
Gómez-Carrillo, A., Lencucha, R., Faregh, N., Veissière, S. P. L., & Kirmayer, L. J. (2020) · BMJ Global Health · doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2020-002689 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
A relational perspective on public sector leadership and management
Clark, M., Denham‐Vaughan, S., & Chidiac, M. (2014) · The International Journal of Leadership in Public Services · doi:10.1108/ijlps-03-2013-0006 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Children’s mental health: Time to stop using psychiatric diagnosis
Timimi, S. (2015) · Beyond the Therapeutic State · doi:10.1080/13642537.2015.1094500 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“However, the evidence finds that ‘common factors’, such as developing a strong therapeutic alliance, are much more important than therapeutic technique in determining outcomes (Bracken et al., 2012; Duncan, Miller, Wampold, & Hubble, 2009; Wampold, 2001).”
BackgroundSelf-citationRisk, Recovery and Capacity: Competing or Complementary Approaches to Mental Health Social Work
Davidson, G., Brophy, L. M., & Campbell, J. (2016) · Australian Social Work · doi:10.1080/0312407x.2015.1126752 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“many other criticisms of the traditional psychiatric project (Bentall, 2003; Bracken et al., 2012), the development of mental health law and policy has tended to be been underpinned by the premise that mental illnesses can be diagnosed and to some extent predicted, and that associated risks can and have to be managed.”
BackgroundDialogue as a Response to the Psychiatrization of Society? Potentials of the Open Dialogue Approach
von Peter, S., Bergström, T., Nenoff-Herchenbach, I., Hopfenbeck, M. S., Pocobello, R., Aderhold, V., Alvarez-Monjarás, M., Seikkula, J., & Heumann, K. (2021) · Frontiers in Sociology · doi:10.3389/fsoc.2021.806437 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
LA PSICOTERAPIA COMO CIENCIA HUMANA, MÁS QUE TECNOLÓGICA
Álvarez, M. P., & de Oviedo, U. (2018) · Papeles del Psicólogo - Psychologist Papers · doi:10.23923/pap.psicol2019.2877 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Biomarkers of a five-domain translational substrate for schizophrenia and schizoaffective psychosis
Fryar-Williams, S., & Strobel, J. E. (2015) · Biomarker Research · doi:10.1186/s40364-015-0028-1 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“Against this background of heterogeneity, overlapping co-morbidity and fading faith in the validity of descriptive classification systems [6], schizophrenia and related psychotic conditions are increasingly viewed as complex, polygenic diseases involving hundreds of forms of functional pathology.”
BackgroundOña, G., Berrada, A., & Bouso, J. C. (2021) · Transcultural Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/13634615211038416 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Toward Conceptual Competence in Psychiatric Diagnosis: An Ecological Model for Critiques of the DSM
Karter, J. M., & Kamens, S. R. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-02732-2_2 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Mind the gap: a review of optimisation in mental healthcare service delivery
Noorain, S., Scaparra, M. P., & Kotiadis, K. (2022) · Health Systems · doi:10.1080/20476965.2022.2035260 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“Many psychiatrists have called for a shift from the current paradigm of a mental health diagnosis that focuses on the biomedical cause of mental disorders because of evidence-based research (Bracken et al., 2012).”
BackgroundPsychodynamic psychotherapy, insight, and therapeutic action
Lacewing, M. (2014) · Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice · doi:10.1111/cpsp.12065 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“Bracken et al. (2012) concurred, stating that “the evidence that nonspecific factors, as opposed to specific techniques, account for nearly all the change in therapy is overwhelming” (p. 431).”
BackgroundHagen, J., Hjelmeland, H., & Knizek, B. L. (2016) · Issues in Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1080/01612840.2016.1246631 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“The therapist recognized that suicidality could be understood differently, although her view seems common in current (biomedical) psychiatry (Bracken et al., 2012; Marsh, 2016).”
BackgroundFreedom to negotiate: a proposal extricating ‘capacity’ from ‘consent’
Brosnan, L., & Flynn, E. (2017) · International Journal of Law in Context · doi:10.1017/s1744552316000471 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Peer work in Open Dialogue: A discussion paper
Bellingham, B., Buus, N., McCloughen, A., Dawson, L., Schweizer, R., Mikes‐Liu, K., Peetz, A., Boydell, K., & River, J. (2018) · International Journal of Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/inm.12457 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
A new conception and subsequent taxonomy of clinical psychological problems
Bakker, G. (2019) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-019-0318-8 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Tendencias y necesidad clínica de los principios éticos
Stepke, F. L. (2014) · Revista de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental · doi:10.1016/j.rpsm.2014.11.001 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Hellhammer, D. H., Meinlschmidt, G., & Pruessner, J. C. (2018) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.12.009 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Political Pills: Psychopharmaceuticals and Neoliberalism as Mutually Supporting
Davies, J. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-44911-1_8 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Madness, childhood adversity and narrative psychiatry: caring and the moral imagination
Thomas, P., & Longden, E. (2013) · Medical Humanities · doi:10.1136/medhum-2012-010268 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationLawn, S., Delany, T., Pulvirenti, M., Smith, A., & McMillan, J. R. (2016) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-016-0791-z · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“[65] argued that the non-technical aspects of interventions (such as the development of meaningful, non-judgmental relationships) are as much involved in recovery as the therapies and psychiatric medications used to treat mental illness.”
BackgroundGlobal Side Effects: Counter-Clinics in Mental Health Care
Davis, E. A. (2017) · Medical Anthropology · doi:10.1080/01459740.2017.1367777 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“See Bradley Lewis’s discussion of Stuart Kirk and Herb Kutchin’s texts, The Selling of the DSM: The Rhetoric of Science in Psychiatry (1992) and Making Us Crazy: DSM: The Psychiatric Bible and the Creation of Mental Disorders (1997), which Lewis takes as “now classic critiques of DSM-III” and of the science behind DSM…”
InfluentialLawn, S., Delany, T., Pulvirenti, M., Smith, A., & McMillan, J. R. (2015) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-015-0653-0 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“The Critical Psychiatry Movement [56] has argued that the non-technical aspects of interventions (such as the development of meaningful, non-judgmental relationships) are as much involved in recovery as the therapies and psychiatric medications used to treat mental illness.”
Factors Influencing Social Work Identity in Mental Health Placements
Smith, F., Harms, L., & Brophy, L. M. (2021) · The British Journal of Social Work · doi:10.1093/bjsw/bcab181 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Murcott, W. (2014) · Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/jpm.12150 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Timimi, S. B. (2015) · BJPsych Bulletin · doi:10.1192/pb.bp.114.047118 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citationUse of empathy in psychiatric practice: Constructivist grounded theory study
Ross, J., & Watling, C. (2017) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjpo.bp.116.004242 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
DSM over time: From legitimisation of authority to hegemony
Romelli, K., Frigerio, A., & Colombo, M. (2015) · BioSocieties · doi:10.1057/biosoc.2015.1 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Psychiatrists' understanding and use of psychological formulation: a qualitative exploration
Mohtashemi, R., Stevens, J., Jackson, P., & Weatherhead, S. (2016) · BJPsych Bulletin · doi:10.1192/pb.bp.115.051342 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
The psychedelic renaissance: the next trip for psychiatry?
Kelly, J. R., Baker, A., Babiker, M., Burke, L., Brennan, C., & O’Keane, V. (2019) · Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/ipm.2019.39 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“synergistically combining psychotherapy and psychopharmacology, this RCT has the potential to evolve treatments beyond the regrettable, but lingering, dichotomy of ‘biological’ and ‘psycho-environmental’ (Bracken et al. 2012; Dunlop et al. 2019).”
Mental Health, Legal Capacity, and Human Rights
(2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108979016 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Neuroscience and Humanistic Psychiatry: a Residency Curriculum
Griffith, J. L. (2014) · Academic Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s40596-014-0063-5 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“The threat that neuroscience research could constrict the scope of practice of psychiatrists to diagnostic and psychopharmacological roles would end the training of psychiatrists as broadly skilled clinicians who utilize language and relationship therapeutically [1, 2].”
The crisis in psychiatry: A public health perspective
Pingani, L., Luciano, M., Sampogna, G., Rosa, C. D., Pinna, F., Volpe, U., Vecchio, V. D., & Fiorillo, A. (2014) · International Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/09540261.2014.931838 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“…rethink research goals in psychiatry by involving the different categories of stakeholders from the early stages of the research processes, since research priorities are still not compliant with users ’ and carers ’ priorities and are very far from having a clinical utility (Bracken et al., 2012).”
BackgroundResponses to the Publication of the American Psychiatric Association’s DSM-5
Kinderman, P., Allsopp, K., & Cooke, A. (2017) · Journal of Humanistic Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022167817698262 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“Both psychiatrists (e.g., Bracken et al., 2012) and psychologists (e.g., Kinderman, 2014) argue for reform; in the latter case arguing that: . . . services should . . . be based on the premise that the origins of distress are largely social . . . should replace “diagnoses” with straightforward…”
BackgroundTwamley, I., Dempsey, M., & Keane, N. (2020) · Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.1080/09638237.2020.1739238 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“Many service users have reported their experience of traditional mental health services and psychiatry as disempowering (Bracken et al., 2012).”
BackgroundA systemic approach to understanding mental health and services
Cohen, M. (2017) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.08.037 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Daly, A., Ritunnano, R., Gallagher, S., Kirmayer, L. J., Dam, N. T. V., & Kleinman, J. J. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1390885 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Nevertheless, there have been recurrent calls for a paradigm shift that would privilege patients experience, focus on dynamic processes, and engage with the context of the patient’s lifeworld (Bracken et al., 2012; Rose and Rose, 2023; Scheffer et al., 2024).”
BackgroundSarasso, P., Francesetti, G., Roubal, J., Gecele, M., Ronga, I., Neppi-Mòdona, M., & Sacco, K. (2022) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2022.906188 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Burgess, R. A. (2023) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315623788 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
The role of psychiatry in modern medicine
Fiorillo, A., & Maj, M. (2018) · International Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/09540261.2018.1436675 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“…new techniques of molecular genetics and brain imaging have enabled a more detailed understanding of physiological and pathological brain functions, but these techniques have not led to the development of aetiology-based treatments for mental disorders (Bracken et al., 2012; Kingdon & Young, 2007).”
BackgroundYoung people's experience of the therapeutic alliance: A systematic review
Dimic, T., Farrell, A., Ahern, E., & Houghton, S. (2023) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2885 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Affective injustice, sanism and psychiatry
Lavallee, Z., & Gagné‐Julien, A. (2024) · Synthese · doi:10.1007/s11229-024-04731-8 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“The biomedical approach to psychiatry refers to a paradigm that, in its strongest form, conceptualizes “mental illness” in terms of disordered mental states that are caused by abnormalities in underlying physiological or neurobiological systems (Bell & Figert, 2015; Bracken et al., 2012).”
Martean, L., & Evans, C. (2014) · Psychiatric Bulletin · doi:10.1192/pb.bp.113.044081 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationPsychotherapy is an ethical endeavor: Balancing science and humanism in clinical practice
Allen, J. G. (2013) · Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic · doi:10.1521/bumc.2013.77.2.103 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“For contemporary authority on this perspective, I cite Pat Bracken and colleagues’ passionate plea for humanism in psychiatry (Bracken et al., 2012).”
Background
- Authors
- Bracken, P., Thomas, P., Timimi, S., Asen, E., Behr, G., Beuster, C., Bhunnoo, S., Browne, I., Chhina, N., Double, D., Downer, S., Evans, C., Fernando, S., Garland, M. R., Hopkins, W., Huws, R., Johnson, B., Martindale, B., Middleton, H., Moldavsky, D., Moncrieff, J., Mullins, S., Nelki, J., Pizzo, M., Rodger, J., Smyth, M., Summerfield, D., Wallace, J., & Yeomans, D.
- Affiliations
- University of Bradford (GB)
- Lincolnshire Partnership NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
- Central and North West London NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
- Southern Health NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
- Barnet Enfield and Haringey Mental Health Trust (GB)
- University College Dublin (IE)
- Cumbria Partnership NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
- Norfolk and Suffolk NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
- University of Bristol (GB)
- Nottinghamshire Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
- London Metropolitan University (GB)
- Cumbria Northumberland Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
- University of Nottingham (GB)
- University College London (GB)
- Sheffield Health and Social Care NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
- St Ann’s Hospital (GB)
- Devon Partnership NHS Trust (GB)
- Bantry General Hospital (IE)
- Maudsley Hospital (GB)
- Peijas Hospital (FI)
- Leeds and York Partnership NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
- ORCID
- Venue
- British Journal of Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Royal College of Psychiatrists
- Published
- 2012-12
- Volume
- 201
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 430-434
- ISSN
- 0007-1250 (ISSN-L)
- 1472-1465
- OpenAlex
- W2142320986
- Cited by
- 474
- References
- 70
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 58 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 35 · 2017: 52 · 2016: 41 · 2015: 79 · 2014: 51 · 2013: 27
- FWCI
- 444.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The British Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Lenus, The Irish Health Repository (Dr Steevens Hospital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Johns Hopkins University
- Royal College of Psychiatrists
- University College London
- University College Dublin
- London Metropolitan University
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Mental Health and Psychiatry
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Mental Health and Patient Involvement
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Historical Psychiatry and Medical Practices
- Keywords
- crisis in psychiatry, applied neuroscience, technological paradigms, evidence-based outcomes, psychopharmacology, brain research
- MeSH terms
- Mental Disorders, Electroconvulsive Therapy, Humans, Mental Health, Professional Practice, Psychiatry, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Knowledge, Recovery of Function, Biomedical Technology, Evidence-Based Practice
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