Empirical evidence about recovery and mental health
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Two discourses exist in mental health research and practice. The first focuses on the limitations associated with disability arising from mental disorder. The second focuses on the possibilities for living well with mental health problems. DISCUSSION: This article was prompted by a review to inform disability policy. We identify seven findings from this review: recovery is best judged by experts or using standardised assessment; few people with mental health problems recover; if a person no longer meets criteria for a mental illness, they are in remission; diagnosis is a robust basis for characterising groups and predicting need; treatment and other supports are important factors for improving outcome; the barriers to receiving effective treatment are availability, financing and client awareness; and the impact of mental illness, in particular schizophrenia, is entirely negative. We selectively review a wider range of evidence which challenge these findings, including the changing understanding of recovery, national mental health policies, systematic review methodology and undertainty, epidemiological evidence about recovery rates, reasoning biased due to assumptions about mental illness being an illness like any other, the contested nature of schizophrenia, the social construction of diagnoses, alternative explanations for psychosis experiences including the role of trauma, diagnostic over-shadowing, stigma, the technological paradigm, the treatment gap, social determinants of mental ill-health, the prevalence of voice-hearing in the general population, and the sometimes positive impact of psychosis experience in relation to perspective and purpose. CONCLUSION: We propose an alternative seven messages which are both empirically defensible and more helpful to mental health stakeholders: Recovery is best judged by the person living with the experience; Many people with mental health problems recover; If a person no longer meets criteria for a mental illness, they are not ill; Diagnosis is not a robust foundation; Treatment is one route among many to recovery; Some people choose not to use mental health services; and the impact of mental health problems is mixed.
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Ruling out APC for euthanasia on the basis of a diagnostic label can be problematic, as diagnostic classification is often contested due to low reliability and validity.
“Ruling out APC for euthanasia on the basis of a diagnostic label can be problematic, as diagnostic classification is often contested due to low reliability and validity.”
From Euthanasia in adults with psychiatric conditions: A descriptive study of the experiences of Belgian psychiatrists (2021) · cites this paper as [29]
Many people diagnosed with psychosis report that the diagnosis, especially from institutions that appear to embrace stigma, is experienced as invalidating their potential identity and as an effort to control them paternalistically.
“Beyond stigma, many people diagnosed with psychosis report that the diagnosis itself, especially when provided by institutions which appear to embrace stigma, is experienced as invalidating their potential identity and as an effort to control them in a paternalistic manner [150][151][152] .”
From Insight in schizophrenia spectrum disorders: relationship with behavior, mood and perceived quality of life, underlying causes and emerging treatments (2018) · cites this paper as [152]
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- Authors
- Slade, M., & Longden, E.
- Affiliations
- King's College London (GB)
- University of Liverpool (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Slade, Mike
- Venue
- BMC Psychiatry
- Published
- 2015-11-14
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 285-285
- ISSN
- 1471-244X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4647297
- OpenAlex
- W2175451760
- Cited by
- 255
- References
- 112
- Citations by year
- 2026: 25 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 38 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 8 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 26.21
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- BMC Psychiatry (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Repository@Nottingham (University of Nottingham) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Mental Health and Patient Involvement
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Mental Health and Psychiatry
- Keywords
- mental health recovery, mental health, remission, diagnosis, treatment gap, schizophrenia, voice hearing, stigma, barriers to treatment, disability policy, trauma, mental health services
- MeSH terms
- Australia, Mental Disorders, Disabled Persons, Persons with Disabilities, Humans, Insurance, Health, Mental Health, Pensions, Treatment Outcome, Evidence-Based Medicine, Social Stigma
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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