The DOI matches its Crossref record; 53 of the 53 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Adult mental health disorders and their age at onset
Open accessAbstract
Summary: The study of age at onset of mental health disorders is technically and conceptually difficult. It is important to consider these age distributions in order to understand causes and mechanisms of illness and to intervene at an appropriate juncture for primary and secondary prevention. This article reviews some of the approaches to studying age at onset, sets out the evidence to support the assertion that adult mental disorders begin in adolescence, and finds that perhaps half of all adult mental health disorders have begun by the teenage years. The paper then discusses whether this fits what is known about the developmental neurobiology of the brain and introduces the implications for mental health services.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“A further phase of significant neurobiological changes is from mid-childhood through pubescence to mid-20s (second-wave hits) 47 , when the risk of disorder onset is the highest.”
From Preventive psychiatry: a blueprint for improving the mental health of young people (2021) · cites this paper as [47]
In the citing paper
“Neurobiologically, it takes as long as three decades for mature human brain development, which coincides with the age of onset of psychopathology for young people 7,47 .”
From Preventive psychiatry: a blueprint for improving the mental health of young people (2021) · cites this paper as [47]
In the citing paper
“Clinical staging models 53 integrate these epidemiological and neurobiological findings (Figure 2) 47 .”
From Preventive psychiatry: a blueprint for improving the mental health of young people (2021) · cites this paper as [47]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Hamilton, M. (1960) · Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.23.1.56 · Cited by 32,817
Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., Merikangas, K. R., & Walters, E. E. (2005) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.593 · Cited by 20,391
Kessler, R. C. (1994) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1994.03950010008002 · Cited by 12,370
Kessler, R. C., Chiu, W. T., Demler, O., & Walters, E. E. (2005) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.617 · Cited by 12,052
Dynamic mapping of human cortical development during childhood through early adulthood
Gogtay, N., Giedd, J. N., Lusk, L., Hayashi, K. M., Greenstein, D., Vaituzis, A. C., Nugent, T. F., Herman, D. H., Clasen, L. S., Toga, A. W., et al. (2004) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0402680101 · Cited by 5,604
Brain development during childhood and adolescence: a longitudinal MRI study
Giedd, J. N., Blumenthal, J., Jeffries, N. O., Castellanos, F. X., Liu, H., Zijdenbos, A., Paus, T., Evans, A. C., & Rapoport, J. L. (1999) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/13158 · Cited by 5,552
The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R (SCID): I: History, Rationale, and Description
Spitzer, R. L. (1992) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1992.01820080032005 · Cited by 4,336
Rush, A. J., Trivedi, M. H., Ibrahim, H. M., Carmody, T. J., Arnow, B., Klein, D. N., Markowitz, J. C., Ninan, P. T., Kornstein, S., Manber, R., et al. (2003) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(02)01866-8 · Cited by 3,829
Age of onset of mental disorders: a review of recent literature
Kessler, R. C., Amminger, G. P., Aguilar-Gaxiola, S., Alonso, J., Lee, S., & ??st??n, T. B. (2007) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/yco.0b013e32816ebc8c · Cited by 3,457
Dementia Praecox and Paraphrenia.
(1972) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-76-6-1058_8 · Cited by 2,907
Psychiatric disorders in America: the epidemiologic catchment area study
(1991) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.28-5931 · Cited by 2,561
(2007) · PubMed Central · Cited by 2,521
Wittchen, H.-U. (1994) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3956(94)90036-1 · Cited by 2,348
Kim-Cohen, J., Caspi, A., Moffitt, T. E., Harrington, H., Milne, B. J., & Poulton, R. (2003) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.60.7.709 · Cited by 2,025
Lifetime Prevalence of Psychotic and Bipolar I Disorders in a General Population
Perälä, J., Suvisaari, J., Saarni, S. I., Kuoppasalmi, K. I., Isometsä, E. T., Pirkola, S. P., Partonen, T., Tuulio‐Henriksson, A., Hintikka, J., Kieseppä, T., et al. (2007) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.64.1.19 · Cited by 1,523
Child developmental risk factors for adult schizophrenia in the British 1946 birth cohort
JONES, P. (1994) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(94)90569-x · Cited by 1,353
Self-citationWang, P. S., Berglund, P., Olfson, M., Pincus, H. A., Wells, K. B., & Kessler, R. C. (2005) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.603 · Cited by 1,325
Structural maturation of neural pathways in children and adolescents: in vivo study
Paus, T., Zijdenbos, A., Worsley, K., Collins, D. L., Blumenthal, J., Giedd, J. N., Rapoport, J. L., & Evans, A. C. (1999) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.283.5409.1908 · Cited by 1,322
Galvan, A., Hare, T. A., Parra, C. E., Penn, J., Voss, H., Glover, G., & Casey, B. J. (2006) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1062-06.2006 · Cited by 1,282
The British Child and Adolescent Mental Health Survey 1999: The Prevalence of DSM-IV Disorders
FORD, T., GOODMAN, R., & MELTZER, H. (2003) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-200310000-00011 · Cited by 1,227
The role of puberty in the developing adolescent brain
Blakemore, S., Burnett, S., & Dahl, R. E. (2010) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.21052 · Cited by 1,011
Is schizophrenia a neurodevelopmental disorder?
Murray, R. M., & Lewis, S. W. (1988) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.296.6614.63 · Cited by 911
Is schizophrenia a neurodevelopmental disorder?
Murray, R. M., & Lewis, S. W. (1987) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.295.6600.681 · Cited by 889
Development of large-scale functional brain networks in children
Supekar, K., Musen, M., & Menon, V. (2009) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000157 · Cited by 807
Adult Outcomes of Childhood and Adolescent Depression: I. Psychiatric Status
Harrington, R. (1990) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1990.01810170065010 · Cited by 764
Heterogeneity in Incidence Rates of Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Syndromes
Kirkbride, J. B., Fearon, P., Morgan, C., Dazzan, P., Morgan, K. D., Tarrant, J., Lloyd, T., Holloway, J. D., Hutchinson, G. A., Leff, J., et al. (2006) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.63.3.250 · Cited by 532
Self-citationAdult outcomes of childhood and adolescent depression.
Rc, H. (1991) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 426
The Maudsley long-term follow-up of child and adolescent depression
Fombonne, E. J., Wostear, G., Cooper, V., Harrington, R., & Rutter, M. L. (2001) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.179.3.210 · Cited by 420
From child to adult : the Dunedin multidisciplinary health and development study
Silva, P. A., & Stanton, W. R. (1996) · Oxford University Press eBooks · Cited by 407
Adolescence: what do transmission, transition and translation have to do with it?
Casey, B. J., Duhoux, S., & Cohen, M. M. (2010) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2010.08.033 · Cited by 297
Raznahan, A., Lee, Y., Stidd, R., Long, R., Greenstein, D., Clasen, L., Addington, A., Gogtay, N., Rapoport, J. L., & Giedd, J. N. (2010) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1006025107 · Cited by 278
Isohanni, M. K., M�kikyr�, T., Moring, J., R�sanen, P., Hakko, H. H., Partanen, U., Koiranen, M., & Jones, P. B. (1997) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/bf00789044 · Cited by 275
Self-citationAdult Outcomes of Childhood and Adolescent Depression: II. Links with Antisocial Disorders
Harrington, R., Fudge, H., Rutter, M. L., Pickles, A. R., & Hill, J. (1991) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199105000-00013 · Cited by 274
Recall of Psychiatric History in Cross-sectional Surveys: Implications for Epidemiologic Research
Simon, G. E., & VonKorff, M. (1995) · Epidemiologic Reviews · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.epirev.a036180 · Cited by 269
The Epidemiology of Early Schizophrenia
Häfner, H., Maurer, K., Löffler, W., Fätkenheuer, B., der Heiden, W. A., Riecher‐Rössler, A., Behrens, S., & Gattaz, W. F. (1994) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/s0007125000292714 · Cited by 221
The Maudsley long-term follow-up of child and adolescent depression
Fombonne, E. J., Wostear, G., Cooper, V., Harrington, R., & Rutter, M. L. (2001) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.179.3.218 · Cited by 215
The imprint of time: childhood, history, and adult life
(1992) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.30-1247 · Cited by 210
Psychiatric Epidemiology: It’s Not Just About Counting Anymore
Insel, T. R., & Fenton, W. S. (2005) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.590 · Cited by 198
Cost-effectiveness of an early intervention service for people with psychosis
McCrone, P., Craig, T., Power, P., & Garety, P. A. (2010) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.109.065896 · Cited by 185
Improving accuracy of major depression age‐of‐onset reports in the US National Comorbidity Survey
Knäuper, B., Cannell, C. F., Schwarz, N., Bruce, M. L., & Kessler, R. C. (1999) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.55 · Cited by 169
Forty-Year Psychiatric Outcomes Following Assessment for Internalizing Disorder in Adolescence
Colman, I., Wadsworth, M. E. J., Croudace, T. J., & Jones, P. B. (2007) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.164.1.126 · Cited by 168
Ridler, K., Veijola, J. M., Tanskanen, P., Miettunen, J., Chitnis, X. A., John Suckling, A., Murray, G. K., Haapea, M., Jones, P. B., Isohanni, M. K., et al. (2006) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0602639103 · Cited by 164
Self-citationThe Depressed Child and Adolescent
(2001) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511543821 · Cited by 157
Adult Outcomes of Childhood and Adolescent Depression. III Links with Suicidal Behaviours
Harrington, R., Bredenkamp, D., Groothues, C., Rutter, M. L., Fudge, H., & Pickles, A. R. (1994) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1994.tb01236.x · Cited by 132
Lessons from childhood-onset schizophrenia
Nicolson, R. (2000) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0165-0173(99)00032-6 · Cited by 95
Yan, L. L., Liu, K., Daviglus, M. L., Colangelo, L. A., Kiefe, C. I., Sidney, S., Matthews, K. A., & Greenland, P. (2006) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.295.15.1793 · Cited by 89
Early intervention in psychosis: keeping faith with evidence-based health care
McGorry, P. D., Johannesen, J. O., Lewis, S. W., Birchwood, M. J., MALLA, A. K., Nordentoft, M., Addington, J., & Yung, A. R. (2009) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291709991346 · Cited by 80
Prediction of a single psychotic episode: A 7.5-year, prospective study in first-episode psychosis
Álvarez‐Jiménez, M., Gleeson, J., Henry, L. P., Harrigan, S., Harris, M., Amminger, G. P., Killackey, E. J., Yung, A. R., Herrman, H., Jackson, H. J., et al. (2010) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2010.10.020 · Cited by 73
The Physiology and Biochemistry of Adrenarche
Auchus, R. J. (2010) · Endocrine development · doi:10.1159/000321209 · Cited by 50
Psychical Diseases of Early Life
Browne, J. C. (1860) · Journal of Mental Science · doi:10.1192/bjp.6.33.284 · Cited by 18
The depressed child and adolescent, 2nd edn
Merry, S. (2002) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1046/j.1440-1614.2001.t01-1-01031.x · Cited by 12
The evolving face of psychiatric epidemiology
MANN, A. H. (1997) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.171.4.314 · Cited by 11
Forty-Year Psychiatric Outcomes Following Assessment for Internalizing Disorder in Adolescence
Colman, I., Wadsworth, M. E. J., Croudace, T. J., & Jones, P. B. (2007) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.2007.164.1.126
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Bleuler, 1911, Dementia Praecox oder Gruppe der Schizophrenien [Dementia Praecox or The Group of Schizophrenias]
- Häfner, 1991, Warum erkranken Frauen später an Schizophrenie?, Nervenheilkunde, 10
- Kraepelin, 1919, In Textbook of Psychiatry, 3
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Age at onset of mental disorders worldwide: Large-scale meta-analysis of 192 epidemiological studies
Solmi, M., Radua, J., Olivola, M., Croce, E., Soardo, L., Salazar de Pablo, G., Il Shin, J., Kirkbride, J. B., Jones, P., Kim, J. H., et al. (2022) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-021-01161-7 · Cited by 3,835
Self-citationA Comprehensive Overview on Stress Neurobiology: Basic Concepts and Clinical Implications
Godoy, L. D., Rossignoli, M. T., Delfino-Pereira, P., Garcia‐Cairasco, N., & Umeoka, E. H. D. L. (2018) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00127 · Cited by 991
Baldwin, D. S., Anderson, I. M., Nutt, D. J., Allgulander, C., Bandelow, B., den Boer, J. A., Christmas, D. M., Davies, S., Fineberg, N., Lidbetter, N., et al. (2014) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881114525674 · Cited by 676
McGorry, P., Bates, T., & Birchwood, M. (2013) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.112.119214 · Cited by 523
Depression and anxiety among adolescents during COVID-19: A cross-sectional study
Chen, F., Zheng, D., Liu, J., Gong, Y., Guan, Z., & Lou, D. (2020) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.061 · Cited by 510
Metadata
- Authors
- Jones, P. B.
- Affiliations
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Jones, P. B.
- ORCID
- Jones, P. B.
- Venue
- British Journal of Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Royal College of Psychiatrists
- Published
- 2013-01
- Volume
- 202
- Issue
- s54
- Pages
- s5-s10
- ISSN
- 0007-1250 (ISSN-L)
- 1472-1465
- OpenAlex
- W2170279894
- Cited by
- 701
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 39 · 2025: 67 · 2024: 74 · 2023: 72 · 2022: 84 · 2021: 91 · 2020: 76 · 2019: 51 · 2018: 39 · 2017: 35 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 23 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 13
- FWCI
- 3.17
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The British Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (RP-PG-0606-1335, NF-SI-0509-10215)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Keywords
- age of onset, adult mental disorders, adolescence, developmental neuroscience, primary prevention, secondary prevention, mental health services
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Anxiety Disorders, Mental Disorders, Brain, Child, Depressive Disorder, Epidemiologic Methods, Female, Humans, Male, Mental Health Services, Middle Aged, Risk Factors, Schizophrenia, Age of Onset, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
