Longitudinally mapping the influence of sex and androgen signaling on the dynamics of human cortical maturation in adolescence
Open accessAbstract
Humans have systematic sex differences in brain-related behavior, cognition, and pattern of mental illness risk. Many of these differences emerge during adolescence, a developmental period of intense neurostructural and endocrine change. Here, by creating "movies" of sexually dimorphic brain development using longitudinal in vivo structural neuroimaging, we show regionally specific sex differences in development of the cerebral cortex during adolescence. Within cortical subsystems known to underpin domains of cognitive behavioral sex difference, structural change is faster in the sex that tends to perform less well within the domain in question. By stratifying participants through molecular analysis of the androgen receptor gene, we show that possession of an allele conferring more efficient functioning of this sex steroid receptor is associated with "masculinization" of adolescent cortical maturation. Our findings extend models first established in rodents, and suggest that in humans too, sex and sex steroids shape brain development in a spatiotemporally specific manner, within neural systems known to underpin sexually dimorphic behaviors.
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Adolescent brain development: Implications for the juvenile criminal justice system.
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Brain Sex Differences Related to Gender Identity Development: Genes or Hormones?
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Large-Scale Transcriptomics Studies Provide Insight Into Sex Differences in Depression
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Sex differences in brain plasticity: a new hypothesis for sex ratio bias in autism
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Positive effects of early androgen therapy on the behavioral phenotype of boys with 47,XXY
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An Allometric Analysis of Sex and Sex Chromosome Dosage Effects on Subcortical Anatomy in Humans
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Visceral fat is associated with lower executive functioning in adolescents
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Androgens During Infancy, Childhood, and Adolescence: Physiology and Use in Clinical Practice
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Adolescent sleep and the foundations of prefrontal cortical development and dysfunction
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Sexual differentiation of brain and other tissues: Five questions for the next 50 years
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Where is the “g” in creativity? A specialization–differentiation hypothesis
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X-chromosome regulation and sex differences in brain anatomy
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Shared effects of DISC1 disruption and elevated WNT signaling in human cerebral organoids
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Where Sex Meets Gender: How Sex and Gender Come Together to Cause Sex Differences in Mental Illness
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“The developmental trajectory of the brain differs by region and by sex such that the pace of maturation of large areas of the brain, such as the prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus, differs in boys and girls (60, 61).”
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The effects of puberty on white matter development in boys
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The (CA)n Polymorphism of ERβ Gene is Associated with FtM Transsexualism
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Possible Neurobiological Underpinnings of Homosexuality and Gender Dysphoria
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Brain network interactions in transgender individuals with gender incongruence
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Association Study of ERβ, AR, and CYP19A 1 Genes and MtF Transsexualism
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Aromatase inhibition rapidly affects in a reversible manner distinct features of birdsong
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The molecular mechanisms of sexual orientation and gender identity
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- Authors
- Raznahan, A., Lee, Y., Stidd, R., Long, R., Greenstein, D., Clasen, L., Addington, A., Gogtay, N., Rapoport, J. L., & Giedd, J. N.
- Affiliations
- King's College London (GB)
- National Institute of Mental Health (US)
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2010-09-14
- Volume
- 107
- Issue
- 39
- Pages
- 16988-16993
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC2947865
- OpenAlex
- W2097394514
- Cited by
- 278
- References
- 55
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 23
- FWCI
- 8.33
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Sexual Differentiation and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Sex and Gender in Healthcare
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- sex differences, androgen signaling, androgen receptor gene, cortical maturation, adolescence, cortical development, sex steroids, masculinization, sex differences in cognition, neuroendocrine development
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adolescent Behavior, Androgens, Animals, Brain Mapping, Cerebral Cortex, Female, Humans, Male, Receptors, Androgen, Sex Characteristics, Sex Factors, Genetic Variation, Signal Transduction, Adolescent Development
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