Adult Outcomes of Childhood and Adolescent Depression: I. Psychiatric Status
Abstract
The present study was based on the clinical data summaries ("item sheets") of children who attended the Maudsley Hospital, London, England, during the late 1960s and early 1970s. These summaries were used to identify a group of 80 child and adolescent psychiatric patients with an operationally defined depressive syndrome. The depressed children were individually matched with 80 nondepressed psychiatric controls on demographic variables and nondepressive childhood symptoms by a computer algorithm. At follow-up, on average 18 years after the initial contact, information was obtained on the adult psychiatric status of 82% of the total sample. Adult assessments were made "blind" to case/control status. The depressed group was at an increased risk for affective disorder in adult life and had elevated risks of psychiatric hospitalization and psychiatric treatment. They were no more likely than the control group to have nondepressive adult psychiatric disorders. These findings suggested that there is substantial specificity in the continuity of affective disturbances between childhood and adult life.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
There is a high level of continuity between depressive disorders in childhood/adolescence and adulthood.
“This is especially important given the high level of continuity between depressive disorders in childhood/adolescence and adulthood (Harrington 1990; Lewinsohn 1999)”
From Interventions for preventing relapse and recurrence of a depressive disorder in children and adolescents (2012) · cites this paper as Harrington 1990
Cites
School phobia: the overlap of affective and anxiety disorders
BERNSTEIN, G. A., & GARFINKEL, B. D. (1986) · Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0002-7138(09)60231-4 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Hankin, B. L., Abramson, L. Y., Moffitt, T. E., Silva, P. A., McGee, R., & Angell, K. E. (1998) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.107.1.128 · Cited by 2,333 · see citing works
THE EFFECTS OF STRESSFUL LIFE EVENTS ON DEPRESSION
Kessler, R. C. (1997) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.48.1.191 · Cited by 2,111 · see citing works
Childhood and adolescent depression: a review of the past 10 years, Part I
BIRMAHER, B., RYAN, N. D., WILLIAMSON, D. E., BRENT, D. A., KAUFMAN, J., DAHL, R. E., PEREL, J., & NELSON, B. (1996) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199611000-00011 · Cited by 2,076 · see citing works
Kim-Cohen, J., Caspi, A., Moffitt, T. E., Harrington, H., Milne, B. J., & Poulton, R. (2003) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.60.7.709 · Cited by 2,025 · see citing works
Pine, D. S., Cohen, P., Gurley, D., Brook, J., & Ma, Y. (1998) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.55.1.56 · Cited by 1,753 · see citing works
Boden, J. M., & Fergusson, D. M. (2011) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.03351.x · Cited by 1,233 · see citing works
Mood disorders in children and adolescents: an epidemiologic perspective
Kessler, R. C., Avenevoli, S., & Ries Merikangas, K. (2001) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(01)01129-5 · Cited by 1,181 · see citing works
Toward a comprehensive developmental model for major depression in women
Kendler, K. S., Gardner, C. O., & Prescott, C. A. (2002) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.159.7.1133 · Cited by 962 · see citing works
Childhood and Adolescent Psychiatric Disorders as Predictors of Young Adult Disorders
Copeland, W. E., Shanahan, L., Costello, E. J., & Angold, A. (2009) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.85 · Cited by 844 · see citing works
The prevention of depressive symptoms in children and adolescents: a meta-analytic review
Horowitz, J. L., & Garber, J. (2006) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.74.3.401 · Cited by 803 · see citing works
Petersen, A. C., Compas, B. E., Brooks-Gunn, J., Stemmler, M., Ey, S., & Grant, K. E. (1993) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.48.2.155 · Cited by 788 · see citing works
Neurobiological similarities in depression and drug dependence: a self-medication hypothesis
Markou, A. (1998) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0893-133x(97)00113-9 · Cited by 767 · see citing works
Brent, D. A. (1997) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1997.01830210125017 · Cited by 753 · see citing works
Adult mental health disorders and their age at onset
Jones, P. B. (2013) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.112.119164 · Cited by 701 · see citing works
Cognitive-behavioral treatment for depressed adolescents
Lewinsohn, P. M., Clarke, G. N., Hops, H., & Andrews, J. (1990) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(05)80353-3 · Cited by 612 · see citing works
Evidence That School-Age Children Can Self-Report on Their Health
Riley, A. W. (2004) · Ambulatory Pediatrics · doi:10.1367/a03-178r.1 · Cited by 595 · see citing works
The prediction of major depression in women: toward an integrated etiologic model.
(1993) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.150.8.1139 · Cited by 554 · see citing works
Exploring the association between childhood and adolescent obesity and depression: A meta-analysis
Quek, Y., Tam, W. W. S., Zhang, M. W. B., & Ho, R. C. M. (2017) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.12535 · Cited by 503 · see citing works
Wichstrøm, L. (1999) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.35.1.232 · Cited by 459 · see citing works
Lewinsohn, P. M., Rohde, P., Seeley, J. R., Klein, D. N., & Gotlib, I. H. (2000) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.157.10.1584 · Cited by 458 · see citing works
Surkan, P. J., Kennedy, C. E., Hurley, K. M., & Black, M. M. (2011) · Bulletin of the World Health Organization · doi:10.2471/blt.11.088187 · Cited by 458 · see citing works
Childhood emotional and behavioral problems and educational attainment
McLeod, J. D., & Kaiser, K. (2004) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.1177/000312240406900502 · Cited by 437 · see citing works
KOVACS, M. (1996) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199606000-00010 · Cited by 441 · see citing works
Development and natural history of mood disorders
Costello, E. J., Pine, D. S., Hammen, C., March, J. S., Plotsky, P. M., Weissman, M. M., Biederman, J., Goldsmith, H. H., Kaufman, J., Lewinsohn, P. M., et al. (2002) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(02)01372-0 · Cited by 430 · see citing works
Psychiatric disorders in youths with IDDM: rates and risk factors
Kovacs, M., Goldston, D., Obrosky, D. S., & Bonar, L. K. (1997) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.20.1.36 · Cited by 394 · see citing works
Childhood adversities and adult depression: Basic patterns of association in a US national survey
Kessler, R. C., & Magee, W. J. (1993) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291700025460 · Cited by 379 · see citing works
Depression in young people: Initial presentation and clinical course
McCAULEY, E., MYERS, K., MITCHELL, J., CALDERON, R., SCHLOREDT, K., & TREDER, R. (1993) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199307000-00003 · Cited by 343 · see citing works
Effects of age and pubertal status on depression in a large clinical sample
Angold, A., & Rutter, M. (1992) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579400005538 · Cited by 347 · see citing works
Developmental trajectories of adolescents' depressive symptoms: predictors of change
Garber, J., Keiley, M. K., & Martin, N. C. (2002) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.70.1.79 · Cited by 326 · see citing works
Developmental trajectories of adolescents' depressive symptoms: Predictors of change.
Garber, J., Keiley, M. K., & Martin, N. C. (2002) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.70.1.79 · Cited by 326 · see citing works
Psychotic experiences in the general population: a twenty-year prospective community study
Rössler, W., Riecher-Rössler, A., Angst, J., Murray, R., Gamma, A., Eich, D., van Os, J., & Gross, V. A. (2007) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2007.01.002 · Cited by 299 · see citing works
Newer generation antidepressants for depressive disorders in children and adolescents
Hetrick, S. E., McKenzie, J. E., Cox, G. R., Simmons, M. B., & Merry, S. N. (2012) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd004851.pub3 · Cited by 291 · see citing works
Randomized trial of group therapy for repeated deliberate self-harm in adolescents
WOOD, A., TRAINOR, G., ROTHWELL, J., MOORE, A., & HARRINGTON, R. (2001) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-200111000-00003 · Cited by 264 · see citing works
Self-citationThe effects of paternal depression on child and adolescent outcomes: A systematic review
Sweeney, S., & MacBeth, A. (2016) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.05.073 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
Characteristics, correlates, and outcomes of childhood and adolescent depressive disorders
Rao, U., & Chen, L.-A. (2009) · Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.31887/dcns.2009.11.1/urao · Cited by 252 · see citing works
Thabrew, H., Stasiak, K., Bavin, L., Frampton, C., & Merry, S. (2018) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.1610 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
BEARDSLEE, W. R., KELLER, M. B., LAVORI, P. W., STALEY, J., & SACKS, N. (1993) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199307000-00004 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Early Identification and Intervention in Depressive Disorders: Towards a Clinical Staging Model
Hetrick, S. E., Parker, A. G., Hickie, I. B., Purcell, R., Yung, A. R., & McGorry, P. D. (2008) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000140085 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Review of the efficacy and safety of antidepressants in youth depression
Cheung, A. H., Emslie, G. J., & Mayes, T. L. (2005) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2005.01467.x · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Bolton, J. M., Pagura, J., Enns, M. W., Grant, B., & Sareen, J. (2010) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2010.01.003 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) for depressive disorders in children and adolescents
Hetrick, S. E., Merry, S. N., McKenzie, J., Sindahl, P., & Proctor, M. (2007) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd004851.pub2 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Rumination, Worry, Cognitive Avoidance, and Behavioral Avoidance: Examination of Temporal Effects
Dickson, K. S., Ciesla, J. A., & Reilly, L. C. (2012) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2011.11.002 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Whittaker, R., Merry, S., Stasiak, K., McDowell, H., Doherty, I., Shepherd, M., Dorey, E., Parag, V., Ameratunga, S., & Rodgers, A. (2012) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.1857 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Reduced default mode network suppression during a working memory task in remitted major depression
Bartova, L., Meyer, B. M., Diers, K., Rabl, U., Scharinger, C., Popovic, A., Pail, G., Kalcher, K., Boubela, R. N., Huemer, J., et al. (2015) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.02.025 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Factors that differentiate early vs. later onset of major depression disorder
Zisook, S., John Rush, A., Albala, A., Alpert, J., Balasubramani, G. K., Fava, M., Husain, M., Sackeim, H., Trivedi, M., & Wisniewski, S. (2004) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2004.07.004 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Midgley, N., Ansaldo, F., & Target, M. (2014) · Psychotherapy · doi:10.1037/a0034179 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Childhood adversity, gender and depression over the life-course
Wainwright, N. W. J., & Surtees, P. G. (2002) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0165-0327(01)00420-7 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Fichter, M. M., Kohlboeck, G., Quadflieg, N., Wyschkon, A., & Esser, G. (2009) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-009-0501-y · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Depression, suicide and deliberate self-harm in adolescence
Harrington, R. (2001) · British Medical Bulletin · doi:10.1093/bmb/57.1.47 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Self-citationChildhood depressive symptoms predict psychiatric problems in young adults
Aronen, E. T., & Soininen, M. (2000) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674370004500507 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Adolescent mindfulness and psychopathology: The role of emotion regulation
Pepping, C. A., Duvenage, M., Cronin, T. J., & Lyons, A. (2016) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.04.089 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Pine, D. S. (2002) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1089/104454602760386888 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Mac Giollabhui, N., Hamilton, J. L., Nielsen, J., Connolly, S. L., Stange, J. P., Varga, S., Burdette, E., Olino, T. M., Abramson, L. Y., & Alloy, L. B. (2018) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/abn0000301 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Youth suicide prevention: does access to care matter?
Campo, J. V. (2009) · Current Opinion in Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/mop.0b013e32833069bd · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Cox, G. R., Fisher, C. A., De Silva, S., Phelan, M., Akinwale, O. P., Simmons, M. B., & Hetrick, S. E. (2012) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd007504.pub2 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Iftene, F., Predescu, E., Stefan, S., & David, D. (2015) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2014.11.021 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
An Effectiveness Study of a Digital Mindfulness-Based Program for Upper Secondary Education Students
Lahtinen, O., & Salmivalli, C. (2020) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-020-01462-y · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Classification issues and challenges in child and adolescent psychopathology
Rutter, M., & Uher, R. (2012) · International Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/09540261.2012.719862 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Factors associated with onset-age in major affective disorders
Miola, A., Tondo, L., Salvatore, P., & Baldessarini, R. J. (2022) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.13497 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Flink, I. J. E., Beirens, T. M. J., Butte, D., & Raat, H. (2014) · Ethnicity & Health · doi:10.1080/13557858.2013.801402 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
- Authors
- Harrington, R.
- Corresponding author
- Harrington, Richard
- ORCID
- Harrington, Richard
- Venue
- Archives of General Psychiatry
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 1990-05-01
- Volume
- 47
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 465
- ISSN
- 0003-990X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1993085080
- Cited by
- 764
- References
- 1
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 39
- FWCI
- 30.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Archives of General Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Bipolar Disorder and Treatment
- Keywords
- childhood depression, adolescent depression, adult outcomes, mood disorders, psychiatric hospitalization, psychiatric treatment, long-term follow-up, Maudsley Hospital
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Algorithms, Child, Depressive Disorder, Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted, Female, Hospital Records, Hospitalization, Hospitals, Psychiatric, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care, Risk Factors
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
