Cited by 3,737Optimism, Hope, and Well-beingEducation, Achievement, and GiftednessPsychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction

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TARGET ARTICLE: Hope Theory: Rainbows in the Mind

Snyder, C. R.·2002·Psychological Inquiry

DOI 10.1207/s15327965pli1304_01

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Abstract

Hope is defined as the perceived capability to derive pathways to desired goals, and motivate oneself via agency thinking to use those pathways. The adult and child hope scales that are derived from hope theory are described. Hope theory is compared to theories of learned optimism, optimism, self-efficacy, and self-esteem. Higher hope consistently is related to better outcomes in academics, athletics, physical health, psychological adjustment, and psychotherapy. Processes that lessen hope in children and adults are reviewed. Using the hope theory definition, no evidence is found for "false" hope. Future research is encouraged in regard to accurately enhancing hope in medical feedback and helping people to pursue those goals for which they are best suited.

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Self-citation
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Self-citation
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Authors: Snyder, C. R.
Affiliations: University of Kansas (US)
Corresponding author: Snyder, C. R.
Venue: Psychological Inquiry
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 2002-10
Volume: 13
Issue: 4
Pages: 249-275
ISSN: 1047-840X (ISSN-L)
1532-7965
DOI: 10.1207/s15327965pli1304_01
OpenAlex: W1968689002
Cited by: 3,737
References: 201
Citations by year: 2026: 382 · 2025: 341 · 2024: 285 · 2023: 306 · 2022: 270 · 2021: 231 · 2020: 278 · 2019: 182 · 2018: 182 · 2017: 157 · 2016: 152 · 2015: 178 · 2014: 142 · 2013: 129 · 2012: 109
FWCI: 32.89
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychological Inquiry (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Optimism, Hope, and Well-being
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Education, Achievement, and Giftedness
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
Keywords: hope theory, hope, agency thinking, learned optimism, optimism, self-efficacy, self-esteem, false hope, hope scale, children, academic performance, psychological adjustment, psychotherapy outcome

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TARGET ARTICLE: Hope Theory: Rainbows in the Mind

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