Keeping hope alive: racial-ethnic disparities in distress tolerance are mitigated by religious/spiritual hope among Black Americans
Open accessAbstract
Racial and ethnic minorities, including Blacks/African-Americans and Hispanics/Latinos,indicate lower tolerance to psychological distress (DT) and secular hope yet endorse more religious and spiritual hope than their non-Hispanic White (NHW) counterparts. Whether racial-ethnic minorities derive greater benefit from non-secular hope on the tolerance of psychological distress remains unclear. Self-reported endorsement of religious/spiritual (R/S) hope, secular hope, DT, and a number of other psychosocial, R/S and sociodemographic variables were analyzed from a nationwide survey of persons aged over 18 years (N = 2875) identifying as Black (14.2%), Hispanic (15.4%), or NHW (67.3%) using multiple regression. Overall, higher levels of both R/S and secular hope predicted greater DT. In turn, greater DT was associated with lower psychosomatic distress. Compared to NHW, the ethnic-minority groups reported lower overall levels of DT. An interaction for race-ethnicity further revealed that compared to distress intolerant NHW, Blacks/African-Americans at lower levels of DT report higher R/S and secular hope. Hispanics/Latinos were also higher on R/S and secular hope, but endorsed lower hope at higher levels of DT than the reference group. Although hope is considered a more passive form of coping, it is more frequently endorsed in marginalized ethnic-minority groups. However, compared to NHW, differences do exist in the extent to which R/S hope mitigates DT in Blacks/African-Americans compared to Hispanics/Latinos.
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Prior studies have reported lower self-efficacy and lower distress tolerance among racial minorities compared to White participants and among those with lower levels of education.
“Studies have reported lower self-efficacy and lower distress tolerance among racial minorities compared to White participants (Assari, 2017; McIntosh et al., 2021) and among those with lower levels of education (Bonsaksen et al., 2019).”
From Feeling more confident to encounter negative emotions: The mediating role of distress tolerance on the relationship between self-efficacy and outcomes of exposure and response prevention for OCD (2024) · cites this paper as McIntosh et al., 2021
The Results (page not available) associate Black and Hispanic identity with lower distress tolerance, supporting that racial comparison. The paper mentions self-efficacy in the Introduction but does not report lower self-efficacy among racial minorities than White participants. The education comparison is attached to a different citation, not McIntosh et al. (LLM, conf=0.86)
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Rivera, M., & West, T. C. (2009) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9780822391210 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Nocon, J. J. (2012) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-386007-1.00015-5 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
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Mattingley, S., Youssef, G. J., Manning, V., Graeme, L., & Hall, K. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.12.126 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
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Hope, M. O., Inniss‐Thompson, M. N., & Johnson, N. A. (2026) · Emerging Adulthood · doi:10.1177/21676968261460938
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Smith, T. B., Doman, A. J., Knell, A., Griner, D., Valladares, J., Beecher, M., & Troncoso, J. (2026) · Mental Health Religion & Culture · doi:10.1080/13674676.2025.2503279
- Authors
- McIntosh, R., Ironson, G., & Krause, N.
- Affiliations
- University of Miami (US)
- University of Michigan (US)
- Corresponding author
- McIntosh, Roger
- Venue
- Journal of Psychosomatic Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-05
- Volume
- 144
- Pages
- 110403
- ISSN
- 0022-3999 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8919343
- OpenAlex
- W3131853081
- Cited by
- 28
- References
- 98
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 1
- FWCI
- 3.04
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Psychosomatic Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- John Templeton Foundation
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Religion, Spirituality, and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Optimism, Hope, and Well-being
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
- Keywords
- racial and ethnic disparities, distress tolerance, religious hope, African Americans, Hispanic Americans, psychosomatic distress, coping, ethnic minorities
- MeSH terms
- Psychological Distress, Adult, Black or African American, Female, Hispanic or Latino, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Minority Groups, Religion and Psychology, United States, Multivariate Analysis, White People, Health Status Disparities, Hope
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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