CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 3,737Optimism, Hope, and Well-beingEducation, Achievement, and GiftednessPsychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 186 of the 201 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

TARGET ARTICLE: Hope Theory: Rainbows in the Mind

Snyder, C. R.·2002·Psychological Inquiry
DOI 10.1207/s15327965pli1304_01
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Hope is defined as the perceived capability to derive pathways to desired goals, and motivate oneself via agency thinking to use those pathways. The adult and child hope scales that are derived from hope theory are described. Hope theory is compared to theories of learned optimism, optimism, self-efficacy, and self-esteem. Higher hope consistently is related to better outcomes in academics, athletics, physical health, psychological adjustment, and psychotherapy. Processes that lessen hope in children and adults are reviewed. Using the hope theory definition, no evidence is found for "false" hope. Future research is encouraged in regard to accurately enhancing hope in medical feedback and helping people to pursue those goals for which they are best suited.

Overview

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1207/s15327965pli1304_01

Cites

186 of 186 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Verification

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Citations

Cites

Research works printed but not linked: 61

  1. 10.1037//0096-3445.108.4.441 · DOI · Paper page
  2. American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
  3. 10.1037//0033-295X.84.2.191 · DOI · Paper page
  4. 10.1037//0003-066X.37.2.122 · DOI · Paper page
  5. Breznitz, S. (1983). Denial vs. hope: Concluding remarks. In S. Breznitz (Ed.), The denial of stress (pp. 297-302). New York: International Universities Press.
  6. Brown, G. W., Harris, T. O. & Bifulco, A. (1986). The long-term effects of early loss of a parent. In M. Rutter, C. E. Izard, & P. B. Read (Eds.), Depression in young people. New York: Guilford.
  7. 10.1037//0022-3514.65.5.1061 · DOI
  8. Buchholz W. M., 1988, Western Journal of Medicine, 148, 69
  9. Cheavens, J., Gum, A. & Snyder, C. R. (2000). The Hope Scale. In J. Maltby, C. A. Lewis, & A. Hill (Eds.), A handbook of psychological tests (Vol. 1, pp. 240-245). Lampeter, Wales: Edwin Mellen.
  10. Clore, G. C. (1994). Why emotions are felt. In P. Ekman & R. J. Davidson (Eds.), The nature of emotion: Fundamental questions (pp. 103-111). New York: Oxford University Press.
  11. Crouch, J. A. (1989). The Hope Scale and head injury rehabilitation: Staff ratings as a function of client characteristics. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Kansas, Lawrence.
  12. Culver, N. F. (1992). A validation of the Encouragement Scale-Teacher form. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Georgia, Athens.
  13. 10.1037//0033-2909.95.3.542 · DOI
  14. 10.1037//0022-3514.51.5.1058 · DOI
  15. 10.1037//0022-3514.62.2.292 · DOI · Paper page
  16. Feldman, D. B. & Snyder, C. R. (2000). The State Hope Scale. In J. Maltby, C. A. Lewis, & A. Hill (Eds.), A handbook of psychological tests (pp. 240-245). Lampeter, Wales: Edwin Mellen Press.
  17. Frank J. D., 1975, The Johns Hopkins Medical Journal, 137, 127
  18. Harney, P. (1990). The Hope Scale: Exploration of construct validity and its influence on health. Unpublished master's thesis, Department of Psychology, University of Kansas, Lawrence.
  19. Harris, C. B. (1988). Hope: Construct definition and the development of an individual differences scale. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Department of Psychology, University of Kansas, Lawrence.
  20. Heller, K., Wyman, M. F. & Allen, S. M. (2000). Future directions for prevention science: From research to adoption. In C. R. Snyder & R. E. Ingram (Eds.), Handbook of psychological change: Psychotherapy process and practices for the 21st century (pp. 660-680). New York: Wiley.
  21. Heppner, P. P. & Hillerbrand, E. T. (1991). Problem-solving training implications for remedial and preventive training. In C. R. Snyder & D. R. Forsyth (Eds.), Handbook of social and clinical psychology: The health perspective (pp. 681-698). Elmsford, NY: Pergamon.
  22. 10.1037//0003-066X.55.4.382 · DOI
  23. Klausner, E. J., Snyder, C. R. & Cheavens, J. (2000). Teaching hope to a population of older, depressed adults. In G. Williamson (Ed.), Advances in aging theory and research (pp. 295-310). New York: Plenum.
  24. Laird, S. (1992). A preliminary investigation into prayer as a coping technique for adult patients with arthritis. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Department of Psychology, University of Kansas, Lawrence.
  25. Langelle, C. (1989). An assessment of hope in a community sample. Unpublished master's thesis, Department of Psychology, University of Kansas, Lawrence.
  26. Lazarus R. S., 1999, Social Research, 66, 665
  27. Levenson, R. W. (1994). Human emotion: A functionalist view. In P. Ekman & R. J. Davidson (Eds.), The nature of emotion: Fundamental questions (pp. 123-126). New York: Oxford University Press.
  28. Maslow, A. H. (1970). Motivation and personality (2nd ed.). New York: Harper & Row.
  29. McNeal, L. J. (1997). The effects of perceived non-work social support and hope upon oncology nurses' occupational stress. Dissertation Abstracts International, 58(4-A), 1209.
  30. McNeal, R. E. (1998). Pre- and post-treatment hope in children and adolescents in residential treatment: A further analysis of the effects of the teaching family model. Dissertation Abstracts International, 59(5-B), 2425.
  31. Moon, C. & Snyder, C. R. (2000). Children's Hope Scale. In J. Maltby, C. A. Lewis, & A. Hill (Eds.), A handbook of psychological tests (Vol. 1, pp. 160-166). Lampeter, Wales: Edwin Mellen Press.
  32. Munoz-Dunbar, R. (1993). Hope: A cross-cultural assessment of American college students. Unpublished master's thesis, Department of Psychology, University of Kansas, Lawrence.
  33. Nolen-Hoeksema, S. & Davis, C. G. (2002). Positive responses to loss: Perceiving benefits and growth. In C. R. Snyder & S. J. Lopez (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology (pp. 598-607). New York: Oxford University Press.
  34. 10.1037//0022-3514.44.6.1221 · DOI
  35. Rakke, B. K. (1997). Impact of self-report check list on level of hope upon. Dissertation Abstracts International, 57 (9-B), 5973.
  36. Rieger, E. (1993). Correlates of adult hope, including high- and low-hope adults' recollection of parents. Psychology honors thesis, Department of Psychology, University of Kansas, Lawrence.
  37. Saunders, R. (2000). The relation of traumatic physical and/or sexual abuse to dissociation and sensory processing. Unpublished master's thesis, Department of Psychology, University of Kansas, Lawrence.
  38. 10.1037//0278-6133.4.3.219 · DOI · Paper page
  39. 10.1037//0033-2909.92.3.581 · DOI · Paper page
  40. Snyder, C. R. (1993). Hope for the journey. In A. P. Turnball, J. M. Patterson, S. K. Behr, D. L. Murphy, J. G. Marquis, & M. J. Blue-Banning (Eds.), Cognitive coping, families and disability (pp. 271-286). Baltimore: Brookes.
  41. Snyder, C. R. (1994a). Hope and optimism. In V. S. Ramachandren (Ed.), Encyclopedia of human behavior (Vol. 2, pp. 535-542). San Diego, CA: Academic.
  42. Snyder C. R., 2000, Applied and Preventive Psychology, 15, 262
  43. 10.1037//0022-3514.60.4.570 · DOI · Paper page
  44. 10.1037//0033-2909.104.1.23 · DOI
  45. Snyder, C. R., Irving, L. & Anderson, J. R. (1991). Hope and health: Measuring the will and the ways. In C. R. Snyder & D. R. Forsyth (Eds.), Handbook of social and clinical psychology: The health perspective (pp. 285-305). Elmsford, NY: Pergamon.
  46. Snyder, C. R., Michael, S. & Cheavens, J. (1999). Hope as a psychotherapeutic foundation for nonspecific factors, placebos, and expectancies. In M. A. Huble, B. Duncan, & S. Miller (Eds.), Heart and soul of change (pp. 179-200). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
  47. Snyder, C. R. & Pulvers, K. (2001). Dr. Seuss, the coping machine, and "Oh, the places you will go."In C. R. Snyder (Ed.) Coping and copers: Adaptive processes and people (pp. 3-29). New York: Oxford University Press.
  48. 10.1037//0022-3514.70.2.321 · DOI
  49. 10.1037//0022-006X.68.5.875 · DOI · Paper page
  50. 10.1037//0022-3514.78.6.1150 · DOI · Paper page
  51. 10.1037//0278-6133.12.1.16 · DOI · Paper page
  52. Sympson, S. (1993). Construction and validation of a state hope measure: A month in the lives of college students. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Department of Psychology, University of Kansas, Lawrence.
  53. Sympson, S. (1999). Validation of the Domain Specific Hope Scale. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Department of Psychology, University of Kansas, Lawrence.
  54. Tennen, H. & Affleck, G. (1999). Finding benefits in adversity. In C. R. Snyder (Ed.), Coping: The psychology of what works (pp. 279-304). New York: Oxford University Press.
  55. Tillich P., 1965, University of Chicago Magazine, 58, 16
  56. Trump, M. R. (1997). The impact of hopeful narratives on state hope, state self-esteem, and state positive and negative affect for adult female survivors of incest. Dissertation Abstracts International, 58(4-A), 1211.
  57. Woodbury, C. A. (1999). The relationship of anxiety, locus of control and hope to career indecision of African American students. Dissertation Abstracts International, 59(11-A), 4072.
  58. 10.1037//0022-0167.44.1.80 · DOI
  59. Wyatt, G. E. & Powell, G. J. (Eds.). (1988). Lasting effects of child abuse. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
  60. Wylie, R. C. (1974). The self-concept: A review of methodological and measuring instruments (Vol. 1, rev. ed.). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
  61. Wylie, R. C. (1979). The self-concept: Theory and research on selected topics (Vol. 2, rev. ed.). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.

Cited by

Sorted by citations

See all 3,737

Related

See all

Metadata

Authors
Snyder, C. R.
Affiliations
University of Kansas (US)
Corresponding author
Snyder, C. R.
Venue
Psychological Inquiry
Publisher
Informa UK Limited
Published
2002-10
Volume
13
Issue
4
Pages
249-275
ISSN
  • 1047-840X (ISSN-L)
  • 1532-7965
DOI
10.1207/s15327965pli1304_01
OpenAlex
W1968689002
Cited by
3,737
References
201
Citations by year
2026: 382 · 2025: 341 · 2024: 285 · 2023: 306 · 2022: 270 · 2021: 231 · 2020: 278 · 2019: 182 · 2018: 182 · 2017: 157 · 2016: 152 · 2015: 178 · 2014: 142 · 2013: 129 · 2012: 109
FWCI
32.89
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
Psychological Inquiry (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Optimism, Hope, and Well-being
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Education, Achievement, and Giftedness
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
Keywords
hope theory, hope, agency thinking, learned optimism, optimism, self-efficacy, self-esteem, false hope, hope scale, children, academic performance, psychological adjustment, psychotherapy outcome

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review