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Minireview: Adiposity, Inflammation, and Atherogenesis
Abstract
Adipose tissue is a dynamic endocrine organ that secretes a number of factors that are increasingly recognized to contribute to systemic and vascular inflammation. Several of these factors, collectively referred to as adipokines, have now been shown regulate, directly or indirectly, a number of the processes that contribute to the development of atherosclerosis, including hypertension, endothelial dysfunction, insulin resistance, and vascular remodeling. Several adipokines are preferentially expressed in visceral adipose tissue, and the secretion of proinflammatory adipokines is elevated with increasing adiposity. Not surprisingly, approaches that reduce adipose tissue depots, including surgical fat removal, exercise, and reduced caloric intake, improve proinflammatory adipokine levels and reduce the severity of their resultant pathologies. Systemic adipokine levels can also be favorably altered by treatment with several of the existing drug classes used to treat insulin resistance, hypertension, and hypercholesterolemia. Greater understanding of adipokine regulation, however, should result in the design of improved treatment strategies to control disease states associated with increase adiposity, an important outcome in view of the growing worldwide epidemic of obesity.
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“Moreover, higher aortic pulse-wave velocity, a measure of aortic stiffness, strongly correlates with increases in BMI, waist circumference and waist-hip ratio independent of systolic blood pressure, race, and sex19,20.”
From Obesity-Induced Hypertension: Interaction of Neurohumoral and Renal Mechanisms (2015) · cites this paper as [20]
In the citing paper
“There is evidence that excess visceral fat is an important source of cytokines and other factors that create a milieu of oxidative stress and inflammation that contributes to endothelial dysfunction, vascular stiffening, and eventually atherosclerosis20.”
From Obesity-Induced Hypertension: Interaction of Neurohumoral and Renal Mechanisms (2015) · cites this paper as [20]
In the citing paper
“White adipose tissue (WAT), now considered as a pivotal endocrine organ, contributes to the systemic inflammation by producing biomolecules, including pro-inflammatory mediators, whose estimated number grows constantly and whose synthesis is altered along with the expansion of the adipose tissue [6,7].”
From Adipose tissue transcriptomic signature highlights the pathological relevance of extracellular matrix in human obesity (2008) · cites this paper as [7]
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Berthier, M., Houde, A., Côté, M., Paradis, A.-M., Mauriège, P., Bergeron, J., Gaudet, D., Després, J., & Vohl, M. (2004) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1194/jlr.m400135-jlr200 · Cited by 50
“Obesity, specially of the abdominal form, can promote the parallel progression of insulin resistance to type 2 diabetes and endothelial dysfunction to atherosclerosis [2].”
BackgroundSíndrome metabólico: concepto y aplicación práctica
Lizarzaburu-Robles, J. C. (2014) · Anales de la Facultad de Medicina · doi:10.15381/anales.v74i4.2705 · Cited by 47
Yasuda, M. T., Kawabata, K., Miyashita, M., Okumura, M., Yamamoto, N., Takahashi, M., Ashida, H., & Ohigashi, H. (2013) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jf404175t · Cited by 47
Wang, H., Sun, Y., Li, Z., Guo, X., Chen, S., Ye, N., Tian, Y., & Zhang, L. (2018) · BMC Cardiovascular Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12872-018-0798-0 · Cited by 46
Obesity, Disability, and Mortality
Ferrucci, L. (2007) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.167.8.750 · Cited by 47
Metabolic Syndrome Manifestations in Classic Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
Charmandari, E., & Chrousos, G. P. (2006) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1367.005 · Cited by 45
Dupuy, A., Jaussent, I., Lacroux, A., Durant, R., Cristol, J., & Delcourt, C. (2007) · Gerontology · doi:10.1159/000103555 · Cited by 46
“But the current smokers were combined with past smokers into a single group of ever smokers, possibly obscuring the relationship between cigarette smoking and CRP level. More recently, the CRP was found higher among current smoker than among former smokers and never smokers [ ,”
BackgroundSaiki, R., Okazaki, M., Iwai, S., Kumai, T., Kobayashi, S., & Oguchi, K. (2007) · Journal of Pharmacological Sciences · doi:10.1254/jphs.fp0070619 · Cited by 46
Morris, M. J., Velkoska, E., & Cole, T. J. (2005) · Experimental Physiology · doi:10.1113/expphysiol.2005.030783 · Cited by 46
“Adipocytokines such as adiponectin, which is decreased in human obesity, interleukin-6 (Il-6) and tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα) released from adipose tissue, can contribute to endothelial dysfunction, thereby increasing the risk of atherosclerosis (Lyon et al. 2003).”
BackgroundSadler, D., Mattacks, C. A., & Pond, C. M. (2005) · Journal of Anatomy · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00506.x · Cited by 45
“The involvement of adipose tissue in inflammatory processes is now widely recognized (Lyon et al. 2003; Trayhurn & Wood, 2004; Trayhurn, 2005).”
BackgroundKellokoski, E., Kunnari, A., Jokela, M., Mäkelä, S. M., Kesäniemi, Y. A., & Hörkkö, S. (2009) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2009.05.009 · Cited by 45
Haas, P., Schmid‐Kubista, K. E., Krugluger, W., Huber, J. C., & Binder, S. (2015) · Acta Ophthalmologica · doi:10.1111/aos.12670 · Cited by 46
“In addition, visceral fat has a proinflammatory effect to the organism, which means that visceral fat has an influence on our immune system through the production of various neurotransmitters, such as interleukin-6, TNF-alpha, leptin, CRP and amyloid alpha (Coppack 2001; Lyon et al. 2003).”
BackgroundRusso, I. (2012) · Scientifica · doi:10.6064/2012/525374 · Cited by 47
Chang, H.-P., Wang, M.-L., Hsu, C.-Y., Liu, M.-E., Chan, M.-H., & Chen, Y.-H. (2011) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/ijo.2011.12 · Cited by 46
Having it all: historical energy intakes do not generate the anticipated trade-offs in fecundity
Johnston, S. L., Grune, T., Bell, L. M., Murray, S. J., Souter, D. M., Erwin, S. S., Yearsley, J. M., Gordon, I. J., Illius, A. W., Kyriazakis, I., et al. (2006) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2005.3456 · Cited by 44
“Excess body fatness, however, leads to a variety of inflammatory states and comorbidities such as heart disease and diabetes that generally shorten lifespan (Lyon et al. 2003).”
BackgroundInhibitor κB kinase is involved in the paracrine crosstalk between human fat and muscle cells
Dietze‐Schroeder, D., Ramrath, S., Ritzeler, O., Tennagels, N., Hauner, H., & Eckel, J. (2004) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0802701 · Cited by 45
Maury, E., Brichard, S. M., Pataky, Z., Carpentier, A., Golay, A., & Bobbioni‐Harsch, E. (2009) · Obesity · doi:10.1038/oby.2009.464 · Cited by 45
“A cross-sectional study including 32 lean (BMI (kg/m(2)) <25), 15 overweight (BMI: 25-29.”
BackgroundAppleton, S., Ruffin, R. E., WILSON, D. H., Taylor, A. W., & Adams, R. (2009) · Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2008.10.032 · Cited by 43
Biologic efficacy optimization—a step towards personalized medicine
Kiely, P. D. W. (2015) · Lara D. Veeken · doi:10.1093/rheumatology/kev356 · Cited by 44
Metabolic Syndrome: Therapeutic Considerations
Grundy, S. M. (2005) · Handbook of experimental pharmacology · doi:10.1007/3-540-27661-0_3 · Cited by 44
“Hence we are led to ask whether systemic responses to excessive production of several factors from adipose tissue largely account for the syndrome ( Lyon et al. 2003; Coppack 2001).”
BackgroundYbarra, J., Resmini, E., Planas, F., Navarro-López, F., Webb, S. M., Pou, J. M., Vives, A. S., & Ballesta‐López, C. (2009) · Obesity Surgery · doi:10.1007/s11695-009-9924-5 · Cited by 44
Role of adipocytokines in metabolism and disease
Frühbeck, G., & Salvador, J. (2004) · Nutrition Research · doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2004.07.002 · Cited by 42
“In fact, in humans plasma PAI-1 concentrations correlate with atherosclerotic events and mortality, with some studies suggesting that PAI-1 may be an independent risk factor for coronary artery disease [76,84].”
BackgroundNon-conventional markers of atherosclerosis before and after gastric banding surgery
Hanusch‐Enserer, U., Zorn, G., Wojta, J., Kopp, C. W., Prager, R., Köenig, W., Schillinger, M., Roden, M., & Huber, K. (2009) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehp108 · Cited by 43
Adiposity Predicts Cognitive Decline in Older Persons with Diabetes: A 2-Year Follow-Up
Abbatecola, A. M., Lattanzio, F., Spazzafumo, L., Molinari, A. M., Cioffi, M., Canonico, R., Cioccio, L. D., & Paolisso, G. (2010) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010333 · Cited by 43
“Adipose inflammatory proteins have been indicated in diabetic complications leading to hypertension, cardiovascular disease and metabolic syndrome[7].”
BackgroundCirculating leptin and adiponectin levels in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism
Delfini, E., Petramala, L., Caliumi, C., Cotesta, D., Toma, G. D., Cavallaro, G., Panzironi, G., Diacinti, D., Minisola, S., Erasmo, E. D., et al. (2006) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2006.08.019 · Cited by 43
“It has been shown that these adipokines contribute, with different actions, to the development of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease [5,27].”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Lyon, C. J., Law, R. E., & Hsueh, W. A.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hsueh, Willa A.
- Venue
- Endocrinology
- Publisher
- The Endocrine Society
- Published
- 2003-06-01
- Volume
- 144
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 2195-2200
- ISSN
- 0013-7227 (ISSN-L)
- 1945-7170
- OpenAlex
- W1981444005
- Cited by
- 761
- References
- 121
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 42 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 31 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 39 · 2014: 31 · 2013: 31 · 2012: 37
- FWCI
- 9.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Endocrinology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (1P01 HIG0030-01A1)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Disease and Adiposity
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Adipose Tissue and Metabolism
- Keywords
- adiposity, adipokines, atherosclerosis, vascular inflammation, visceral adipose tissue, obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension, endothelial dysfunction, vascular remodeling, bariatric surgery, physical activity, caloric restriction, anti-inflammatory agents, hypercholesterolemia
- MeSH terms
- Adipose Tissue, Animals, Arteriosclerosis, Humans, Obesity, Vasculitis
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