Clock Gene Expression in Adult Primate Suprachiasmatic Nuclei and Adrenal: Is the Adrenal a Peripheral Clock Responsive to Melatonin?
Open accessAbstract
The circadian production of glucocorticoids involves the concerted action of several factors that eventually allow an adequate adaptation to the environment. Circadian rhythms are controlled by the circadian timing system that comprises peripheral oscillators and a central rhythm generator located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus, driven by the self-regulatory interaction of a set of proteins encoded by genes named clock genes. Here we describe the phase relationship between the SCN and adrenal gland for the expression of selected core clock transcripts (Per-2, Bmal-1) in the adult capuchin monkey, a New World, diurnal nonhuman primate. In the SCN we found a higher expression of Bmal-1 during the h of darkness (2000–0200 h) and Per-2 during daytime h (1400 h). The adrenal gland expressed clock genes in oscillatory fashion, with higher values for Bmal-1 during the day (1400–2000 h), whereas Per-2 was higher at nighttime (about 0200 h), resulting in a 9- to 12-h antiphase pattern. In the adrenal gland, the oscillation of clock genes was accompanied by rhythmic expression of a functional output, the steroidogenic enzyme 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Furthermore, we show that adrenal explants maintained oscillatory expression of Per-2 and Bmal-1 for at least 36 h in culture. The acrophase of both transcripts, but not its overall expression along the incubation, was blunted by 100 nm melatonin. Altogether, these results demonstrate oscillation of clock genes in the SCN and adrenal gland of a diurnal primate and support an oscillation of clock genes in the adrenal gland that may be modulated by the neurohormone melatonin.
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An intrinsic circadian oscillator in the adrenal glands likely plays a role in the circadian regulation of glucocorticoid secretion.
“Moreover, a role in the circadian regulation of glucocorticoid secretion is probabily played by an intrinsic circadian oscillator in the adrenal glands: indeed, a study by Valenzuela and colleagues has recently demonstrated the rhythmic expression of clock genes in the adrenal cortex of a diurnal primate [22].”
From Impact of Sleep and Its Disturbances on Hypothalamo-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Activity (2010) · cites this paper as [22]
The cardiovascular system could be influenced by the circadian timing system at the local level in addition to input from the central pacemaker.
“suggesting that the cardiovascular system could be influenced by the circadian timing system at the local level in addition to input from the central pacemaker”
From The impact of the circadian timing system on cardiovascular and metabolic function (2012) · cites this paper as Valenzuela et al., 2008
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“has recently demonstrated the rhythmic expression of clock genes in the adrenal cortex of a diurnal primate [22].”
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- Authors
- Valenzuela, F. J., Torres-Farfan, C., Richter, H. G., Mendez, N., Campino, C., Torrealba, F., Valenzuela, G. J., & Serón-Ferré, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Chile (CL)
- Programa de Fisiopatología (F.J.V., C.T.-F., N.M., M.S.-F.), Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 16038, Chile
- Austral University of Chile (CL)
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (CL)
- Arrowhead Regional Medical Center (US)
- Venue
- Endocrinology
- Publisher
- The Endocrine Society
- Published
- 2008-01-10
- Volume
- 149
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 1454-1461
- ISSN
- 0013-7227 (ISSN-L)
- 1945-7170
- OpenAlex
- W2116214322
- Cited by
- 74
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 2.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- americanae.aecid.es
- Licence
- other-oa
- Locations
- Endocrinology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Americanae (AECID Library) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Universidad de Chile (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormones
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Keywords
- clock genes, suprachiasmatic nucleus, adrenal gland, melatonin, circadian rhythm, glucocorticoid synthesis, 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, capuchin monkeys, diurnal primates, peripheral oscillators, acrophase
- MeSH terms
- Adrenal Glands, Animals, Cebus, Circadian Rhythm, Flavoproteins, Gene Expression Regulation, Melatonin, RNA, Messenger, RNA, Ribosomal, 18S, Suprachiasmatic Nucleus, 3-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases, Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors, Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins, ARNTL Transcription Factors, Cryptochromes
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