Cited by 135Estrogen and related hormone effectsProtein Structure and DynamicsReceptor Mechanisms and Signaling

Allosteric Modulators of Steroid Hormone Receptors: Structural Dynamics and Gene Regulation

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Kumar, Raj, McEwan, Iain J.·2012·Endocrine Reviews

Abstract

Steroid hormones are synthesized from cholesterol primarily in the adrenal gland and the gonads and play vital roles in normal physiology, the control of development, differentiation, metabolic homeostasis, and reproduction. The actions of these small lipophilic molecules are mediated by intracellular receptor proteins. It is just over 25 yr since the first cDNA for steroid receptors were cloned, a development that led to the birth of a superfamily of ligand-activated transcription factors: the nuclear receptors. The receptor proteins share structurally and functionally related ligand binding and DNA-binding domains but possess distinct N-terminal domains and hinge regions that are intrinsically disordered. Since the original cloning experiments, considerable progress has been made in our understanding of the structure, mechanisms of action, and biology of this important class of ligand-activated transcription factors. In recent years, there has been interest in the structural plasticity and function of the N-terminal domain of steroid hormone receptors and in the allosteric regulation of protein folding and function in response to hormone, DNA response element architecture, and coregulatory protein binding partners. The N-terminal domain can exist as an ensemble of conformers, having more or less structure, which prime this region of the receptor to rapidly respond to changes in the intracellular environment through hormone binding and posttranslation modifications. In this review, we address the question of receptor structure and function dynamics with particular emphasis on the structurally flexible N-terminal domain, intra- and interdomain communications, and the allosteric regulation of receptor action.

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Crossref · 10.1210/er.2011-1033

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  • ERα plays a major role in adipocyte activity and sexual dimorphism of fat distribution.

    “ERα plays a major role in the activity of adipocytes and sexual dimorphism of fat distribution.”
  • Female and male mice lacking ERα have central obesity, severe insulin resistance, and are diabetic.

    “Female and male mice that lack ERα have central obesity, have severe insulin resistance, and are diabetic [63–65].”

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Authors
Kumar, R., & McEwan, I. J.
Affiliations
  • Geisinger College of Health Sciences (US)
  • University of Aberdeen (GB)
Venue
Endocrine Reviews
Published
2012-03-20
Volume
33
Issue
2
Pages
271-299
ISSN
  • 0163-769X (ISSN-L)
  • 1945-7189
OpenAlex
W2111652946
Cited by
135
References
253
Citations by year
2026: 6 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 5
FWCI
2.05
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Endocrine Reviews (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Aberdeen University Research Archive (Aberdeen University) (submittedVersion)
Funders
  • University of Aberdeen
  • National Institutes of Health
  • National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK058829)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Estrogen and related hormone effects
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Protein Structure and Dynamics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Receptor Mechanisms and Signaling
Keywords
steroid hormone receptors, nuclear receptors, allosteric modulation, N-terminal domain, intrinsically disordered regions, structural dynamics, ligand-activated transcription factors, protein folding, coregulators, DNA response elements, post-translational modification, hormone binding, gene expression regulation
MeSH terms
Gene Expression Regulation, Humans, Ligands, Models, Molecular, Protein Conformation, Receptors, Steroid, Structure-Activity Relationship, Transcription Factors

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