Coregulator Function: A Key to Understanding Tissue Specificity of Selective Receptor Modulators
Abstract
Ligands for the nuclear receptor superfamily control many aspects of biology, including development, reproduction, and homeostasis, through regulation of the transcriptional activity of their cognate receptors. Selective receptor modulators (SRMs) are receptor ligands that exhibit agonistic or antagonistic biocharacter in a cell- and tissue context-dependent manner. The prototypical SRM is tamoxifen, which as a selective estrogen receptor modulator, can activate or inhibit estrogen receptor action. SRM-induced alterations in the conformation of the ligand-binding domains of nuclear receptors influence their abilities to interact with other proteins, such as coactivators and corepressors. It has been postulated, therefore, that the relative balance of coactivator and corepressor expression within a given target cell determines the relative agonist vs. antagonist activity of SRMs. However, recent evidence reveals that the cellular environment also plays a critical role in determining SRM biocharacter. Cellular signaling influences the activity and subcellular localization of coactivators and corepressors as well as nuclear receptors, and this contributes to gene-, cell-, and tissue-specific responses to SRM ligands. Increased understanding of the effect of cellular environment on nuclear receptors and their coregulators has the potential to open the field of SRM discovery and research to many members of the nuclear receptor superfamily.
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Tamoxifen can act as an agonist or antagonist on estrogen receptors depending on the cell type.
“An interesting property of tamoxifen is that, depending on the cell type, it can act as agonist or antagonist on estrogen receptors35.”
From Tamoxifen accelerates the repair of demyelinated lesions in the central nervous system (2016) · cites this paper as [35]
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- Authors
- Smith, C. L., & O’Malley, B. W.
- Affiliations
- Baylor College of Medicine (US)
- Corresponding author
- Smith, Carolyn L.
- Venue
- Endocrine Reviews
- Publisher
- The Endocrine Society
- Published
- 2004-02-01
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 45-71
- ISSN
- 0163-769X (ISSN-L)
- 1945-7189
- OpenAlex
- W2039871782
- Cited by
- 931
- References
- 333
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 28 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 36 · 2013: 43 · 2012: 55
- FWCI
- 11.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Endocrine Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (DK53002)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Estrogen and related hormone effects
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Nuclear Receptors and Signaling
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors
- Keywords
- coregulators, transcriptional coactivator, corepressors, nuclear receptors, tissue specificity, tamoxifen, estrogen receptor, signal transduction, subcellular localization, transcriptional regulation
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Humans, Ligands, Organ Specificity, Receptors, Estrogen, Receptors, Progesterone, Tamoxifen, Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear, Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators, Feedback, Physiological
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