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The Osteocyte: An Endocrine Cell … and More
Open accessAbstract
Few investigators think of bone as an endocrine gland, even after the discovery that osteocytes produce circulating fibroblast growth factor 23 that targets the kidney and potentially other organs.In fact, until the last few years, osteocytes were perceived by many as passive, metabolically inactive cells.However, exciting recent discoveries have shown that osteocytes encased within mineralized bone matrix are actually multifunctional cells with many key regulatory roles in bone and mineral homeostasis.In addition to serving as endocrine cells and regulators of phosphate homeostasis, these cells control bone remodeling through regulation of both osteoclasts and osteoblasts, are mechanosensory cells that coordinate adaptive responses of the skeleton to mechanical loading, and also serve as a manager of the bone's reservoir of calcium.Osteocytes must survive for decades within the bone matrix, making them one of the longest lived cells in the body.Viability and survival are therefore extremely important to ensure optimal function of the osteocyte network.As we continue to search for new therapeutics, in addition to the osteoclast and the osteoblast, the osteocyte should be considered in new strategies to prevent and treat bone disease.(Endocrine Reviews 34: 658 -690, 2013) I. Introduction II.Osteocyte Differentiation and Embedding III.Morphology of Osteocytes, Their Dendrites, and Lacunocanalicular System IV. Osteocyte Selective Genes/Proteins and Their Potential Functions V. Tools for Studying Osteocytes VI.Osteocyte Mechanosensation and Transduction A. How osteocytes sense loading B. How loading affects osteocyte signaling VII.Osteocytes as Orchestrators of Bone Formation and Resorption VIII.Osteocyte Life, Death, and in Between IX.Osteocytic Perilacunar Remodeling: An Old Concept Rediscovered X.The Osteocyte as an Endocrine Cell XI.Crosstalk Between Osteocytes and Muscle Cells XII.Role of Osteocytes in Disease XIII.
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“Normal bone remodeling is necessary for fracture healing and skeleton adaptation to mechanical use, as well as for calcium homeostasis [15].”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Dallas, S. L., Prideaux, M., & Bonewald, L. F.
- Affiliations
- University of Missouri–Kansas City (US)
- Venue
- Endocrine Reviews
- Publisher
- The Endocrine Society
- Published
- 2013-04-26
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 658-690
- ISSN
- 0163-769X (ISSN-L)
- 1945-7189
- PMC
- PMC3785641
- OpenAlex
- W2142302926
- Cited by
- 1,042
- References
- 330
- Citations by year
- 2026: 60 · 2025: 83 · 2024: 60 · 2023: 88 · 2022: 85 · 2021: 113 · 2020: 106 · 2019: 108 · 2018: 89 · 2017: 73 · 2016: 70 · 2015: 69 · 2014: 32 · 2013: 5
- FWCI
- 5.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Endocrine Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Missouri
- University of Missouri-Kansas City
- National Institutes of Health (AR46798, PO1AG039355, AG039355)
- National Institute on Aging (P01AG039355)
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (R01AR051517, R56AR051517, P01AR046798, R21AR054449)
- National Center for Research Resources (S10RR027668)
- Army Research Office
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Bone Metabolism and Diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Bone health and osteoporosis research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Nephrology › Parathyroid Disorders and Treatments
- Keywords
- osteocytes, fibroblast growth factor 23, bone mineral homeostasis, phosphate homeostasis, bone remodeling, osteoclast regulation, mechanosensing, mechanotransduction, osteocyte differentiation, osteocyte survival, bone disease
- MeSH terms
- Bone Resorption, Cell Communication, Cell Differentiation, Humans, Osteocytes, Osteogenesis, Cell Death, Muscle Cells, Mechanotransduction, Cellular, Endocrine Cells
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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