Cited by 166Aldose Reductase and TaurineSteroid Chemistry and BiochemistryEstrogen and related hormone effects

Structural and functional biology of aldo-keto reductase steroid transforming enzymes

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Penning, Trevor M, Wangtrakuldee, Phumvadee, Auchus, Richard J·2019·Endocrine Reviews

Abstract

Aldo-keto reductases (AKRs) are monomeric NAD(P)(H)-dependent oxidoreductases that play pivotal roles in the biosynthesis and metabolism of steroids in humans. AKR1C enzymes acting as 3-ketosteroid, 17-ketosteroid, and 20-ketosteroid reductases are involved in the prereceptor regulation of ligands for the androgen, estrogen, and progesterone receptors and are considered drug targets to treat steroid hormone-dependent malignancies and endocrine disorders. In contrast, AKR1D1 is the only known steroid 5β-reductase and is essential for bile-acid biosynthesis, the generation of ligands for the farnesoid X receptor, and the 5β-dihydrosteroids that have their own biological activity. In this review we discuss the crystal structures of these AKRs, their kinetic and catalytic mechanisms, AKR genomics (gene expression, splice variants, polymorphic variants, and inherited genetic deficiencies), distribution in steroid target tissues, roles in steroid hormone action and disease, and inhibitor design.

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Registry

Crossref · 10.1210/er.2018-00089

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169 of 169 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

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Authors
Penning, T. M., Wangtrakuldee, P., & Auchus, R. J.
Affiliations
  • University of Pennsylvania (US)
  • University of Michigan (US)
Corresponding author
Penning, Trevor M
Venue
Endocrine Reviews
Published
2018-08-20
Volume
40
Issue
2
Pages
447-475
ISSN
  • 0163-769X (ISSN-L)
  • 1945-7189
OpenAlex
W2888187525
Cited by
164
References
171
Citations by year
2026: 30 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 3
FWCI
0.76
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Endocrine Reviews (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (P30 ES013508)
  • National Institute of General Medical Sciences (R01GM086596)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Aldose Reductase and Taurine
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Steroid Chemistry and Biochemistry
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Estrogen and related hormone effects
Keywords
aldo-keto reductase, AKR1D1, steroid metabolism, androgen receptor, estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, bile acid synthesis, farnesoid X receptor, enzyme crystal structure, catalytic mechanism, enzyme kinetics, splice variants, genetic polymorphism, enzyme inhibitors, endocrine disorders
MeSH terms
Aldo-Keto Reductases, Humans, Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases, Oxidoreductases, Steroids

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